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annotate docs/tutorial/LangImpl6.rst @ 65:35ab9e3560be

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remove null pointer access bug which occured if the callee codesegment is accessed by pointer on LowerCallTo().
author Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
date Tue, 11 Feb 2014 02:09:46 +0900
parents 95c75e76d11b
children 60c9769439b8
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1 ============================================================
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2 Kaleidoscope: Extending the Language: User-defined Operators
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3 ============================================================
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4
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5 .. contents::
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6 :local:
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7
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8 Chapter 6 Introduction
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9 ======================
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10
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11 Welcome to Chapter 6 of the "`Implementing a language with
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12 LLVM <index.html>`_" tutorial. At this point in our tutorial, we now
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13 have a fully functional language that is fairly minimal, but also
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14 useful. There is still one big problem with it, however. Our language
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15 doesn't have many useful operators (like division, logical negation, or
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16 even any comparisons besides less-than).
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17
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18 This chapter of the tutorial takes a wild digression into adding
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19 user-defined operators to the simple and beautiful Kaleidoscope
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20 language. This digression now gives us a simple and ugly language in
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21 some ways, but also a powerful one at the same time. One of the great
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22 things about creating your own language is that you get to decide what
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23 is good or bad. In this tutorial we'll assume that it is okay to use
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24 this as a way to show some interesting parsing techniques.
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25
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26 At the end of this tutorial, we'll run through an example Kaleidoscope
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27 application that `renders the Mandelbrot set <#example>`_. This gives an
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28 example of what you can build with Kaleidoscope and its feature set.
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29
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30 User-defined Operators: the Idea
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31 ================================
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32
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33 The "operator overloading" that we will add to Kaleidoscope is more
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34 general than languages like C++. In C++, you are only allowed to
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35 redefine existing operators: you can't programatically change the
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36 grammar, introduce new operators, change precedence levels, etc. In this
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37 chapter, we will add this capability to Kaleidoscope, which will let the
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38 user round out the set of operators that are supported.
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39
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40 The point of going into user-defined operators in a tutorial like this
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41 is to show the power and flexibility of using a hand-written parser.
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42 Thus far, the parser we have been implementing uses recursive descent
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43 for most parts of the grammar and operator precedence parsing for the
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44 expressions. See `Chapter 2 <LangImpl2.html>`_ for details. Without
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45 using operator precedence parsing, it would be very difficult to allow
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46 the programmer to introduce new operators into the grammar: the grammar
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47 is dynamically extensible as the JIT runs.
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48
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49 The two specific features we'll add are programmable unary operators
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50 (right now, Kaleidoscope has no unary operators at all) as well as
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51 binary operators. An example of this is:
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52
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53 ::
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54
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55 # Logical unary not.
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56 def unary!(v)
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57 if v then
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58 0
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59 else
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60 1;
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61
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62 # Define > with the same precedence as <.
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63 def binary> 10 (LHS RHS)
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64 RHS < LHS;
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65
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66 # Binary "logical or", (note that it does not "short circuit")
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67 def binary| 5 (LHS RHS)
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68 if LHS then
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69 1
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70 else if RHS then
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71 1
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72 else
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73 0;
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74
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75 # Define = with slightly lower precedence than relationals.
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76 def binary= 9 (LHS RHS)
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77 !(LHS < RHS | LHS > RHS);
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78
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79 Many languages aspire to being able to implement their standard runtime
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80 library in the language itself. In Kaleidoscope, we can implement
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81 significant parts of the language in the library!
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82
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83 We will break down implementation of these features into two parts:
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84 implementing support for user-defined binary operators and adding unary
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85 operators.
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86
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87 User-defined Binary Operators
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88 =============================
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89
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90 Adding support for user-defined binary operators is pretty simple with
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91 our current framework. We'll first add support for the unary/binary
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92 keywords:
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93
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94 .. code-block:: c++
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95
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96 enum Token {
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97 ...
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98 // operators
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99 tok_binary = -11, tok_unary = -12
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100 };
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101 ...
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102 static int gettok() {
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103 ...
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104 if (IdentifierStr == "for") return tok_for;
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105 if (IdentifierStr == "in") return tok_in;
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106 if (IdentifierStr == "binary") return tok_binary;
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107 if (IdentifierStr == "unary") return tok_unary;
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108 return tok_identifier;
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109
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110 This just adds lexer support for the unary and binary keywords, like we
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111 did in `previous chapters <LangImpl5.html#iflexer>`_. One nice thing
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112 about our current AST, is that we represent binary operators with full
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113 generalisation by using their ASCII code as the opcode. For our extended
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114 operators, we'll use this same representation, so we don't need any new
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115 AST or parser support.
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116
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117 On the other hand, we have to be able to represent the definitions of
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118 these new operators, in the "def binary\| 5" part of the function
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119 definition. In our grammar so far, the "name" for the function
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120 definition is parsed as the "prototype" production and into the
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121 ``PrototypeAST`` AST node. To represent our new user-defined operators
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122 as prototypes, we have to extend the ``PrototypeAST`` AST node like
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123 this:
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124
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125 .. code-block:: c++
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126
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127 /// PrototypeAST - This class represents the "prototype" for a function,
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128 /// which captures its argument names as well as if it is an operator.
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129 class PrototypeAST {
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130 std::string Name;
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131 std::vector<std::string> Args;
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
132 bool isOperator;
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
133 unsigned Precedence; // Precedence if a binary op.
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
134 public:
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
135 PrototypeAST(const std::string &name, const std::vector<std::string> &args,
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
136 bool isoperator = false, unsigned prec = 0)
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
137 : Name(name), Args(args), isOperator(isoperator), Precedence(prec) {}
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
138
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
139 bool isUnaryOp() const { return isOperator && Args.size() == 1; }
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
140 bool isBinaryOp() const { return isOperator && Args.size() == 2; }
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
141
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
142 char getOperatorName() const {
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
143 assert(isUnaryOp() || isBinaryOp());
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
144 return Name[Name.size()-1];
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
145 }
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
146
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
147 unsigned getBinaryPrecedence() const { return Precedence; }
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
148
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
149 Function *Codegen();
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
150 };
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
151
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
152 Basically, in addition to knowing a name for the prototype, we now keep
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
153 track of whether it was an operator, and if it was, what precedence
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
154 level the operator is at. The precedence is only used for binary
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
155 operators (as you'll see below, it just doesn't apply for unary
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
156 operators). Now that we have a way to represent the prototype for a
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
157 user-defined operator, we need to parse it:
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
158
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
159 .. code-block:: c++
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
160
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
161 /// prototype
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
162 /// ::= id '(' id* ')'
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
163 /// ::= binary LETTER number? (id, id)
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
164 static PrototypeAST *ParsePrototype() {
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
165 std::string FnName;
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
166
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
167 unsigned Kind = 0; // 0 = identifier, 1 = unary, 2 = binary.
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
168 unsigned BinaryPrecedence = 30;
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
169
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
170 switch (CurTok) {
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
171 default:
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
172 return ErrorP("Expected function name in prototype");
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
173 case tok_identifier:
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
174 FnName = IdentifierStr;
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
175 Kind = 0;
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
176 getNextToken();
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
177 break;
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
178 case tok_binary:
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
179 getNextToken();
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
180 if (!isascii(CurTok))
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
181 return ErrorP("Expected binary operator");
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
182 FnName = "binary";
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
183 FnName += (char)CurTok;
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
184 Kind = 2;
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
185 getNextToken();
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
186
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
187 // Read the precedence if present.
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
188 if (CurTok == tok_number) {
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
189 if (NumVal < 1 || NumVal > 100)
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
190 return ErrorP("Invalid precedecnce: must be 1..100");
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
191 BinaryPrecedence = (unsigned)NumVal;
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
192 getNextToken();
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
193 }
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
194 break;
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
195 }
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
196
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
197 if (CurTok != '(')
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
198 return ErrorP("Expected '(' in prototype");
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
199
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
200 std::vector<std::string> ArgNames;
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
201 while (getNextToken() == tok_identifier)
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
202 ArgNames.push_back(IdentifierStr);
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
203 if (CurTok != ')')
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
204 return ErrorP("Expected ')' in prototype");
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
205
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
206 // success.
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
207 getNextToken(); // eat ')'.
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
208
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
209 // Verify right number of names for operator.
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
210 if (Kind && ArgNames.size() != Kind)
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
211 return ErrorP("Invalid number of operands for operator");
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
212
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
213 return new PrototypeAST(FnName, ArgNames, Kind != 0, BinaryPrecedence);
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
214 }
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
215
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
216 This is all fairly straightforward parsing code, and we have already
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
217 seen a lot of similar code in the past. One interesting part about the
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
218 code above is the couple lines that set up ``FnName`` for binary
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
219 operators. This builds names like "binary@" for a newly defined "@"
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
220 operator. This then takes advantage of the fact that symbol names in the
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
221 LLVM symbol table are allowed to have any character in them, including
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
222 embedded nul characters.
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
223
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
224 The next interesting thing to add, is codegen support for these binary
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
225 operators. Given our current structure, this is a simple addition of a
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
226 default case for our existing binary operator node:
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
227
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
228 .. code-block:: c++
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
229
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
230 Value *BinaryExprAST::Codegen() {
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
231 Value *L = LHS->Codegen();
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
232 Value *R = RHS->Codegen();
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
233 if (L == 0 || R == 0) return 0;
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
234
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
235 switch (Op) {
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
236 case '+': return Builder.CreateFAdd(L, R, "addtmp");
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
237 case '-': return Builder.CreateFSub(L, R, "subtmp");
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
238 case '*': return Builder.CreateFMul(L, R, "multmp");
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
239 case '<':
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
240 L = Builder.CreateFCmpULT(L, R, "cmptmp");
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
241 // Convert bool 0/1 to double 0.0 or 1.0
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
242 return Builder.CreateUIToFP(L, Type::getDoubleTy(getGlobalContext()),
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
243 "booltmp");
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
244 default: break;
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
245 }
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
246
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
247 // If it wasn't a builtin binary operator, it must be a user defined one. Emit
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
248 // a call to it.
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
249 Function *F = TheModule->getFunction(std::string("binary")+Op);
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
250 assert(F && "binary operator not found!");
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
251
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
252 Value *Ops[2] = { L, R };
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
253 return Builder.CreateCall(F, Ops, "binop");
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
254 }
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
255
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
256 As you can see above, the new code is actually really simple. It just
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
257 does a lookup for the appropriate operator in the symbol table and
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
258 generates a function call to it. Since user-defined operators are just
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
259 built as normal functions (because the "prototype" boils down to a
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
260 function with the right name) everything falls into place.
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
261
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
262 The final piece of code we are missing, is a bit of top-level magic:
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
263
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
264 .. code-block:: c++
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
265
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
266 Function *FunctionAST::Codegen() {
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
267 NamedValues.clear();
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
268
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
269 Function *TheFunction = Proto->Codegen();
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
270 if (TheFunction == 0)
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
271 return 0;
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
272
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
273 // If this is an operator, install it.
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
274 if (Proto->isBinaryOp())
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
275 BinopPrecedence[Proto->getOperatorName()] = Proto->getBinaryPrecedence();
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
276
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
277 // Create a new basic block to start insertion into.
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
278 BasicBlock *BB = BasicBlock::Create(getGlobalContext(), "entry", TheFunction);
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
279 Builder.SetInsertPoint(BB);
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
280
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
281 if (Value *RetVal = Body->Codegen()) {
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
282 ...
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
283
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
284 Basically, before codegening a function, if it is a user-defined
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
285 operator, we register it in the precedence table. This allows the binary
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
286 operator parsing logic we already have in place to handle it. Since we
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
287 are working on a fully-general operator precedence parser, this is all
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
288 we need to do to "extend the grammar".
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
289
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
290 Now we have useful user-defined binary operators. This builds a lot on
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
291 the previous framework we built for other operators. Adding unary
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
292 operators is a bit more challenging, because we don't have any framework
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
293 for it yet - lets see what it takes.
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
294
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
295 User-defined Unary Operators
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
296 ============================
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
297
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
298 Since we don't currently support unary operators in the Kaleidoscope
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
299 language, we'll need to add everything to support them. Above, we added
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
300 simple support for the 'unary' keyword to the lexer. In addition to
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
301 that, we need an AST node:
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
302
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
303 .. code-block:: c++
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
304
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
305 /// UnaryExprAST - Expression class for a unary operator.
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
306 class UnaryExprAST : public ExprAST {
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
307 char Opcode;
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
308 ExprAST *Operand;
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
309 public:
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
310 UnaryExprAST(char opcode, ExprAST *operand)
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
311 : Opcode(opcode), Operand(operand) {}
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
312 virtual Value *Codegen();
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
313 };
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
314
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
315 This AST node is very simple and obvious by now. It directly mirrors the
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
316 binary operator AST node, except that it only has one child. With this,
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
317 we need to add the parsing logic. Parsing a unary operator is pretty
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
318 simple: we'll add a new function to do it:
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
319
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
320 .. code-block:: c++
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
321
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
322 /// unary
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
323 /// ::= primary
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
324 /// ::= '!' unary
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
325 static ExprAST *ParseUnary() {
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
326 // If the current token is not an operator, it must be a primary expr.
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
327 if (!isascii(CurTok) || CurTok == '(' || CurTok == ',')
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
328 return ParsePrimary();
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
329
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
330 // If this is a unary operator, read it.
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
331 int Opc = CurTok;
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
332 getNextToken();
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
333 if (ExprAST *Operand = ParseUnary())
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
334 return new UnaryExprAST(Opc, Operand);
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
335 return 0;
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
336 }
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
337
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
338 The grammar we add is pretty straightforward here. If we see a unary
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
339 operator when parsing a primary operator, we eat the operator as a
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
340 prefix and parse the remaining piece as another unary operator. This
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
341 allows us to handle multiple unary operators (e.g. "!!x"). Note that
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
342 unary operators can't have ambiguous parses like binary operators can,
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
343 so there is no need for precedence information.
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
344
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
345 The problem with this function, is that we need to call ParseUnary from
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
346 somewhere. To do this, we change previous callers of ParsePrimary to
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
347 call ParseUnary instead:
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
348
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
349 .. code-block:: c++
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
350
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
351 /// binoprhs
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
352 /// ::= ('+' unary)*
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
353 static ExprAST *ParseBinOpRHS(int ExprPrec, ExprAST *LHS) {
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
354 ...
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
355 // Parse the unary expression after the binary operator.
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
356 ExprAST *RHS = ParseUnary();
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
357 if (!RHS) return 0;
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
358 ...
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
359 }
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
360 /// expression
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
361 /// ::= unary binoprhs
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
362 ///
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
363 static ExprAST *ParseExpression() {
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
364 ExprAST *LHS = ParseUnary();
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
365 if (!LHS) return 0;
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
366
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
367 return ParseBinOpRHS(0, LHS);
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
368 }
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
369
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
370 With these two simple changes, we are now able to parse unary operators
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
371 and build the AST for them. Next up, we need to add parser support for
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
372 prototypes, to parse the unary operator prototype. We extend the binary
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
373 operator code above with:
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
374
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
375 .. code-block:: c++
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
376
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
377 /// prototype
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
378 /// ::= id '(' id* ')'
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
379 /// ::= binary LETTER number? (id, id)
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
380 /// ::= unary LETTER (id)
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
381 static PrototypeAST *ParsePrototype() {
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
382 std::string FnName;
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
383
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
384 unsigned Kind = 0; // 0 = identifier, 1 = unary, 2 = binary.
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
385 unsigned BinaryPrecedence = 30;
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
386
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
387 switch (CurTok) {
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
388 default:
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
389 return ErrorP("Expected function name in prototype");
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
390 case tok_identifier:
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
391 FnName = IdentifierStr;
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
392 Kind = 0;
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
393 getNextToken();
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
394 break;
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
395 case tok_unary:
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
396 getNextToken();
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
397 if (!isascii(CurTok))
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
398 return ErrorP("Expected unary operator");
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
399 FnName = "unary";
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
400 FnName += (char)CurTok;
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
401 Kind = 1;
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
402 getNextToken();
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
403 break;
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
404 case tok_binary:
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
405 ...
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
406
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
407 As with binary operators, we name unary operators with a name that
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
408 includes the operator character. This assists us at code generation
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
409 time. Speaking of, the final piece we need to add is codegen support for
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
410 unary operators. It looks like this:
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
411
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
412 .. code-block:: c++
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
413
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
414 Value *UnaryExprAST::Codegen() {
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
415 Value *OperandV = Operand->Codegen();
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
416 if (OperandV == 0) return 0;
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
417
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
418 Function *F = TheModule->getFunction(std::string("unary")+Opcode);
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
419 if (F == 0)
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
420 return ErrorV("Unknown unary operator");
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
421
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
422 return Builder.CreateCall(F, OperandV, "unop");
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
423 }
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
424
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
425 This code is similar to, but simpler than, the code for binary
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
426 operators. It is simpler primarily because it doesn't need to handle any
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
427 predefined operators.
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
428
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
429 Kicking the Tires
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
430 =================
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
431
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
432 It is somewhat hard to believe, but with a few simple extensions we've
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
433 covered in the last chapters, we have grown a real-ish language. With
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
434 this, we can do a lot of interesting things, including I/O, math, and a
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
435 bunch of other things. For example, we can now add a nice sequencing
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
436 operator (printd is defined to print out the specified value and a
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
437 newline):
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
438
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
439 ::
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
440
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
441 ready> extern printd(x);
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
442 Read extern:
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
443 declare double @printd(double)
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
444
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
445 ready> def binary : 1 (x y) 0; # Low-precedence operator that ignores operands.
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
446 ..
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
447 ready> printd(123) : printd(456) : printd(789);
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
448 123.000000
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
449 456.000000
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
450 789.000000
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
451 Evaluated to 0.000000
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
452
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
453 We can also define a bunch of other "primitive" operations, such as:
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
454
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
455 ::
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
456
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
457 # Logical unary not.
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
458 def unary!(v)
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
459 if v then
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
460 0
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
461 else
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
462 1;
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
463
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
464 # Unary negate.
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
465 def unary-(v)
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
466 0-v;
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
467
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
468 # Define > with the same precedence as <.
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
469 def binary> 10 (LHS RHS)
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
470 RHS < LHS;
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
471
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
472 # Binary logical or, which does not short circuit.
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
473 def binary| 5 (LHS RHS)
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
474 if LHS then
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
475 1
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
476 else if RHS then
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
477 1
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
478 else
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
479 0;
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
480
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
481 # Binary logical and, which does not short circuit.
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
482 def binary& 6 (LHS RHS)
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
483 if !LHS then
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
484 0
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
485 else
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
486 !!RHS;
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
487
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
488 # Define = with slightly lower precedence than relationals.
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
489 def binary = 9 (LHS RHS)
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
490 !(LHS < RHS | LHS > RHS);
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
491
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
492 # Define ':' for sequencing: as a low-precedence operator that ignores operands
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
493 # and just returns the RHS.
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
494 def binary : 1 (x y) y;
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
495
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
496 Given the previous if/then/else support, we can also define interesting
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
497 functions for I/O. For example, the following prints out a character
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
498 whose "density" reflects the value passed in: the lower the value, the
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
499 denser the character:
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
500
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
501 ::
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
502
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
503 ready>
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
504
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
505 extern putchard(char)
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
506 def printdensity(d)
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
507 if d > 8 then
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
508 putchard(32) # ' '
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
509 else if d > 4 then
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
510 putchard(46) # '.'
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
511 else if d > 2 then
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
512 putchard(43) # '+'
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
513 else
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
514 putchard(42); # '*'
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
515 ...
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
516 ready> printdensity(1): printdensity(2): printdensity(3):
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
517 printdensity(4): printdensity(5): printdensity(9):
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
518 putchard(10);
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
519 **++.
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
520 Evaluated to 0.000000
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
521
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
522 Based on these simple primitive operations, we can start to define more
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
523 interesting things. For example, here's a little function that solves
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
524 for the number of iterations it takes a function in the complex plane to
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
525 converge:
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
526
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
527 ::
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
528
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
529 # Determine whether the specific location diverges.
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
530 # Solve for z = z^2 + c in the complex plane.
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
531 def mandleconverger(real imag iters creal cimag)
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
532 if iters > 255 | (real*real + imag*imag > 4) then
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
533 iters
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
534 else
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
535 mandleconverger(real*real - imag*imag + creal,
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
536 2*real*imag + cimag,
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
537 iters+1, creal, cimag);
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
538
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
539 # Return the number of iterations required for the iteration to escape
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
540 def mandleconverge(real imag)
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
541 mandleconverger(real, imag, 0, real, imag);
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
542
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
543 This "``z = z2 + c``" function is a beautiful little creature that is
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
544 the basis for computation of the `Mandelbrot
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
545 Set <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandelbrot_set>`_. Our
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
546 ``mandelconverge`` function returns the number of iterations that it
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
547 takes for a complex orbit to escape, saturating to 255. This is not a
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
548 very useful function by itself, but if you plot its value over a
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
549 two-dimensional plane, you can see the Mandelbrot set. Given that we are
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
550 limited to using putchard here, our amazing graphical output is limited,
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
551 but we can whip together something using the density plotter above:
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
552
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
553 ::
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
554
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
555 # Compute and plot the mandlebrot set with the specified 2 dimensional range
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
556 # info.
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
557 def mandelhelp(xmin xmax xstep ymin ymax ystep)
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
558 for y = ymin, y < ymax, ystep in (
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
559 (for x = xmin, x < xmax, xstep in
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
560 printdensity(mandleconverge(x,y)))
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
561 : putchard(10)
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
562 )
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
563
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
564 # mandel - This is a convenient helper function for plotting the mandelbrot set
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
565 # from the specified position with the specified Magnification.
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
566 def mandel(realstart imagstart realmag imagmag)
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
567 mandelhelp(realstart, realstart+realmag*78, realmag,
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
568 imagstart, imagstart+imagmag*40, imagmag);
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
569
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
570 Given this, we can try plotting out the mandlebrot set! Lets try it out:
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
571
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
572 ::
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
573
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
574 ready> mandel(-2.3, -1.3, 0.05, 0.07);
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
575 *******************************+++++++++++*************************************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
576 *************************+++++++++++++++++++++++*******************************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
577 **********************+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++****************************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
578 *******************+++++++++++++++++++++.. ...++++++++*************************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
579 *****************++++++++++++++++++++++.... ...+++++++++***********************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
580 ***************+++++++++++++++++++++++..... ...+++++++++*********************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
581 **************+++++++++++++++++++++++.... ....+++++++++********************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
582 *************++++++++++++++++++++++...... .....++++++++*******************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
583 ************+++++++++++++++++++++....... .......+++++++******************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
584 ***********+++++++++++++++++++.... ... .+++++++*****************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
585 **********+++++++++++++++++....... .+++++++****************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
586 *********++++++++++++++........... ...+++++++***************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
587 ********++++++++++++............ ...++++++++**************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
588 ********++++++++++... .......... .++++++++**************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
589 *******+++++++++..... .+++++++++*************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
590 *******++++++++...... ..+++++++++*************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
591 *******++++++....... ..+++++++++*************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
592 *******+++++...... ..+++++++++*************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
593 *******.... .... ...+++++++++*************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
594 *******.... . ...+++++++++*************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
595 *******+++++...... ...+++++++++*************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
596 *******++++++....... ..+++++++++*************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
597 *******++++++++...... .+++++++++*************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
598 *******+++++++++..... ..+++++++++*************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
599 ********++++++++++... .......... .++++++++**************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
600 ********++++++++++++............ ...++++++++**************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
601 *********++++++++++++++.......... ...+++++++***************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
602 **********++++++++++++++++........ .+++++++****************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
603 **********++++++++++++++++++++.... ... ..+++++++****************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
604 ***********++++++++++++++++++++++....... .......++++++++*****************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
605 ************+++++++++++++++++++++++...... ......++++++++******************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
606 **************+++++++++++++++++++++++.... ....++++++++********************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
607 ***************+++++++++++++++++++++++..... ...+++++++++*********************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
608 *****************++++++++++++++++++++++.... ...++++++++***********************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
609 *******************+++++++++++++++++++++......++++++++*************************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
610 *********************++++++++++++++++++++++.++++++++***************************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
611 *************************+++++++++++++++++++++++*******************************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
612 ******************************+++++++++++++************************************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
613 *******************************************************************************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
614 *******************************************************************************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
615 *******************************************************************************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
616 Evaluated to 0.000000
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
617 ready> mandel(-2, -1, 0.02, 0.04);
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
618 **************************+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
619 ***********************++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
620 *********************+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
621 *******************+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++...
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
622 *****************+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.....
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
623 ***************++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++........
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
624 **************++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++...........
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
625 ************+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++..............
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
626 ***********++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++........ .
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
627 **********++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.............
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
628 ********+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++..................
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
629 *******+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.......................
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
630 ******+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++...........................
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
631 *****++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++............................
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
632 *****++++++++++++++++++++++++++++...............................
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
633 ****++++++++++++++++++++++++++...... .........................
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
634 ***++++++++++++++++++++++++......... ...... ...........
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
635 ***++++++++++++++++++++++............
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
636 **+++++++++++++++++++++..............
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
637 **+++++++++++++++++++................
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
638 *++++++++++++++++++.................
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
639 *++++++++++++++++............ ...
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
640 *++++++++++++++..............
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
641 *+++....++++................
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
642 *.......... ...........
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
643 *
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
644 *.......... ...........
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
645 *+++....++++................
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
646 *++++++++++++++..............
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
647 *++++++++++++++++............ ...
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
648 *++++++++++++++++++.................
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
649 **+++++++++++++++++++................
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
650 **+++++++++++++++++++++..............
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
651 ***++++++++++++++++++++++............
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
652 ***++++++++++++++++++++++++......... ...... ...........
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
653 ****++++++++++++++++++++++++++...... .........................
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
654 *****++++++++++++++++++++++++++++...............................
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
655 *****++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++............................
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
656 ******+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++...........................
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
657 *******+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.......................
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
658 ********+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++..................
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
659 Evaluated to 0.000000
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
660 ready> mandel(-0.9, -1.4, 0.02, 0.03);
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
661 *******************************************************************************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
662 *******************************************************************************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
663 *******************************************************************************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
664 **********+++++++++++++++++++++************************************************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
665 *+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++***************************************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
666 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++**********************************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
667 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++*****************************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
668 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++*************************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
669 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++**********************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
670 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.........++++++++++++++++++*******************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
671 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.... ......+++++++++++++++++++****************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
672 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++....... ........+++++++++++++++++++**************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
673 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++........ ........++++++++++++++++++++************
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
674 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++......... .. ...+++++++++++++++++++++**********
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
675 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++........... ....++++++++++++++++++++++********
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
676 ++++++++++++++++++++++++............. .......++++++++++++++++++++++******
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
677 +++++++++++++++++++++++............. ........+++++++++++++++++++++++****
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
678 ++++++++++++++++++++++........... ..........++++++++++++++++++++++***
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
679 ++++++++++++++++++++........... .........++++++++++++++++++++++*
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
680 ++++++++++++++++++............ ...........++++++++++++++++++++
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
681 ++++++++++++++++............... .............++++++++++++++++++
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
682 ++++++++++++++................. ...............++++++++++++++++
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
683 ++++++++++++.................. .................++++++++++++++
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
684 +++++++++.................. .................+++++++++++++
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
685 ++++++........ . ......... ..++++++++++++
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
686 ++............ ...... ....++++++++++
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
687 .............. ...++++++++++
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
688 .............. ....+++++++++
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
689 .............. .....++++++++
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
690 ............. ......++++++++
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
691 ........... .......++++++++
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
692 ......... ........+++++++
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
693 ......... ........+++++++
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
694 ......... ....+++++++
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
695 ........ ...+++++++
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
696 ....... ...+++++++
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
697 ....+++++++
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
698 .....+++++++
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
699 ....+++++++
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
700 ....+++++++
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
701 ....+++++++
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
702 Evaluated to 0.000000
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
703 ready> ^D
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
704
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
705 At this point, you may be starting to realize that Kaleidoscope is a
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
706 real and powerful language. It may not be self-similar :), but it can be
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
707 used to plot things that are!
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
708
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
709 With this, we conclude the "adding user-defined operators" chapter of
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
710 the tutorial. We have successfully augmented our language, adding the
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
711 ability to extend the language in the library, and we have shown how
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
712 this can be used to build a simple but interesting end-user application
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
713 in Kaleidoscope. At this point, Kaleidoscope can build a variety of
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
714 applications that are functional and can call functions with
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
715 side-effects, but it can't actually define and mutate a variable itself.
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
716
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
717 Strikingly, variable mutation is an important feature of some languages,
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
718 and it is not at all obvious how to `add support for mutable
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
719 variables <LangImpl7.html>`_ without having to add an "SSA construction"
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
720 phase to your front-end. In the next chapter, we will describe how you
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
721 can add variable mutation without building SSA in your front-end.
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
722
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
723 Full Code Listing
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
724 =================
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
725
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
726 Here is the complete code listing for our running example, enhanced with
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
727 the if/then/else and for expressions.. To build this example, use:
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
728
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
729 .. code-block:: bash
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
730
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
731 # Compile
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
732 clang++ -g toy.cpp `llvm-config --cppflags --ldflags --libs core jit native` -O3 -o toy
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
733 # Run
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
734 ./toy
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
735
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
736 On some platforms, you will need to specify -rdynamic or
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
737 -Wl,--export-dynamic when linking. This ensures that symbols defined in
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
738 the main executable are exported to the dynamic linker and so are
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
739 available for symbol resolution at run time. This is not needed if you
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
740 compile your support code into a shared library, although doing that
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
741 will cause problems on Windows.
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
742
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
743 Here is the code:
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
744
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
745 .. literalinclude:: ../../examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter6/toy.cpp
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
746 :language: c++
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
747
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
748 `Next: Extending the language: mutable variables / SSA
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
749 construction <LangImpl7.html>`_
95c75e76d11b LLVM 3.4
Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
parents:
diff changeset
750