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| author | Neal Crook <foofoobedoo@gmail.com> |
|---|---|
| date | Thu, 06 Apr 2017 21:43:58 +0100 |
| parents | b00cf13c9f61 |
| children |
| rev | line source |
|---|---|
| 144 | 1 <chapter> |
| 2 <title>Getting Started...</title> | |
| 3 | |
| 1093 | 4 <section id="sec1.0"> |
| 1500 | 5 <title>What You Need to Run NitrOS-9</title> |
| 144 | 6 <para> |
| 1500 | 7 To use NitrOS-9 Level 1, you'll need the following: |
| 144 | 8 </para> |
| 9 <itemizedlist mark="bullet"> | |
| 1500 | 10 <listitem><para>TRS-80/Tandy Color Computer or Color Computer 2 with 64K of RAM</para></listitem> |
| 1092 | 11 <listitem><para>Disk Drive With Controller Cartridge</para></listitem> |
| 144 | 12 </itemizedlist> |
| 13 <para> | |
| 1500 | 14 To use NitrOS-9 Level 2, you'll need the following: |
| 15 </para> | |
| 16 <itemizedlist mark="bullet"> | |
| 17 <listitem><para>Tandy Color Computer 3 with 128K of RAM (512K recommended)</para></listitem> | |
| 18 <listitem><para>Disk Drive With Controller Cartridge</para></listitem> | |
| 19 </itemizedlist> | |
| 20 <para> | |
| 21 NitrOS-9 is also ready to use the following optional equipment that you | |
| 144 | 22 may have now or may obtain in the future: |
| 23 </para> | |
| 24 <itemizedlist mark="bullet"> | |
| 1011 | 25 <listitem><para>Additional Floppy Disk Drives</para></listitem> |
| 26 <listitem><para>SCSI or IDE Hard Drives</para></listitem> | |
| 1017 | 27 <listitem><para>Printers and Modems</para></listitem> |
| 28 <listitem><para>Additional Serial Ports</para></listitem> | |
| 29 <listitem><para>Joysticks and Mice</para></listitem> | |
| 1500 | 30 <listitem><para>Other NitrOS-9 Compatible Languages and Software</para></listitem> |
| 144 | 31 </itemizedlist> |
| 32 | |
| 1093 | 33 <section id="sec1.0.1"> |
| 144 | 34 <title>Starting the System</title> |
| 35 <para> | |
| 1500 | 36 To start up NitrOS-9 from a floppy drive, follow these steps: |
| 144 | 37 |
| 38 <orderedlist numeration="arabic"> | |
| 1500 | 39 <listitem><para>Turn the Color Computer and disk drive(s) on. You should see |
| 1011 | 40 the usual BASIC greeting message on the screen.</para></listitem> |
| 144 | 41 |
| 1500 | 42 <listitem><para>Insert the NitrOS-9 System Disk in drive zero and close the door.</para></listitem> |
| 144 | 43 |
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44 <listitem><para>Type "&DOSCMD;". After a few seconds of disk activity you should |
| 1500 | 45 see a screen with the words "NITROS9 BOOT".</para></listitem> |
| 144 | 46 |
| 1500 | 47 <listitem><para>NitrOS-9 will then begin |
| 144 | 48 its "bootstrap" loading process, which |
| 1500 | 49 involves a number of seconds of disk activity. When the system |
| 1011 | 50 startup has finished, a message followed by the shell prompt will be |
| 144 | 51 displayed.</para></listitem> |
| 52 </orderedlist> | |
| 53 </para> | |
| 54 </section> | |
| 55 | |
| 1093 | 56 <section id="sec1.0.2"> |
| 1500 | 57 <title>In Case You Have Problems Starting NitrOS-9</title> |
| 144 | 58 <itemizedlist> |
| 1011 | 59 <listitem><para>If BASIC gives an error message after you |
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60 type "&DOSCMD;", remove the |
| 144 | 61 disk, turn the computer off and on, then try again. If this |
| 1500 | 62 repeatedly fails your NitrOS-9 diskette may be bad.</para></listitem> |
| 144 | 63 |
| 64 <listitem><para>Did you remember to turn the disk drive power switch on?</para></listitem> | |
| 65 | |
| 1500 | 66 <listitem><para>Does your Color Computer meet the minimum RAM requirements? This is a must!</para></listitem> |
| 144 | 67 |
| 1500 | 68 <listitem><para>If your Color Computer doesn't seem to understand the &DOSCMD; command, |
| 1093 | 69 your controller has DOS 1.0. You will need to upgrade to |
| 1011 | 70 DOS 1.1.</para></listitem> |
| 144 | 71 |
| 1500 | 72 <listitem><para>If the "NITROS9 BOOT" message is displayed but nothing else happens, |
| 144 | 73 you may have a corrupted system disk. Hopefully you did make a |
| 74 backup!</para></listitem> | |
| 75 </itemizedlist> | |
| 76 </section> | |
| 77 | |
| 1093 | 78 <section id="sec1.0.3"> |
| 144 | 79 <title>A Quick Introduction to the Use of the Keyboard and Disks</title> |
| 80 <para> | |
| 81 For now, the only special keys on the keyboard of interest are | |
| 82 the SHIFT key which works like a typewriter shift key; the ENTER key | |
| 1500 | 83 which you always use after typing a command or response to NitrOS-9; and |
| 144 | 84 the <- left arrow key which you can use to erase typing mistakes. |
| 85 </para> | |
| 86 <para> | |
| 1500 | 87 Your main disk drive is known to to NitrOS-9 as "/D0" and is often |
| 144 | 88 called "drive zero". If you have a second disk drive (drive one), |
| 1500 | 89 NitrOS-9 recognizes it as "/D1". Why would anybody put a "/" in a name? |
| 144 | 90 Because all input and output devices have names like files, and |
| 91 names that start with "/" are always device names. | |
| 92 </para> | |
| 93 </section> | |
| 94 | |
| 1093 | 95 <section id="sec1.0.4"> |
| 144 | 96 <title>Initial Explorations</title> |
| 97 <para> | |
| 1500 | 98 When NitrOS-9 first starts up, it will display a welcoming message, |
| 99 and then ask you to enter the date and time. This allows NitrOS-9 to | |
| 144 | 100 keep track of the date and time of creation of new files and disks. |
| 101 Enter the current date and time in the format requested like this: | |
| 102 <screen> | |
| 1017 | 103 yyyy/mm/dd hh:mm:ss |
| 1500 | 104 Time ? 2004 01 01 14 20 |
| 144 | 105 </screen> |
| 1500 | 106 In the example above, the date entered was January 1, 2004. NitrOS-9 |
| 144 | 107 uses 24-hour time so the date entered was 1420 hours or 2:20 PM. |
| 1500 | 108 Next, NitrOS-9 will print the shell prompt to let you know it is ready |
| 144 | 109 for you to type in a command. |
| 110 </para> | |
| 111 <para> | |
| 112 Now you're ready to try some commands. A good first command to | |
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113 try is <command>dir</command> (for "<emphasis>dir</emphasis>ectory"). |
| 144 | 114 This will display a list of the files |
| 115 on the System Disk. Just type: | |
| 116 <screen> | |
| 117 dir | |
| 118 </screen> | |
| 1500 | 119 followed by a "return". NitrOS-9 should respond with a listing of file |
| 144 | 120 names which should look something like this: |
| 121 <screen> | |
| 1500 | 122 Directory of . |
| 123 OS9Boot CMDS SYS DEFS sysgo | |
| 124 startup | |
| 144 | 125 </screen> |
| 1500 | 126 The file <filename>OS9Boot</filename> contains the NitrOS-9 program in &CPU; machine |
| 144 | 127 language, which was loaded into memory during the bootstrap |
| 128 operation. | |
| 129 </para> | |
| 130 <para> | |
| 1500 | 131 The file <filename>sysgo</filename> is only located on the NitrOS-9 Level 2 System Disk. It is the first program run on the system, and kick-starts the initial application (usually, the shell). |
| 132 </para> | |
| 133 <para> | |
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134 The file <filename>startup</filename> is a "command file" which is automatically run |
| 144 | 135 when the system starts up, and has the commands that printed the |
| 136 welcoming message and asked for the time. Later, You may want to | |
| 137 replace this startup file with your own customized version after you | |
| 1500 | 138 are more familiar with NitrOS-9. Do you want to see the contents of |
| 144 | 139 this file? If so, just type |
| 140 <screen> | |
| 141 list startup | |
| 142 </screen> | |
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143 As you can see, the <command>list</command> command displays the contents of files |
| 144 | 144 that contain text (alphabetic characters). Some files like the |
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145 <filename>OS9Boot</filename> file contain binary data such as machine language |
| 144 | 146 programs. These files are called "binary files", and attempts to |
| 147 list them will result in a jumbled, meaningless display. On the | |
| 1500 | 148 other hand, NitrOS-9 will complain mightily if you try to run a text |
| 144 | 149 file as a program! |
| 150 </para> | |
| 151 <para> | |
| 1500 | 152 As you may have surmised by now, the way you ask NitrOS-9 to run a |
| 144 | 153 program or command (they're really the same thing) is to simply type |
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154 its name. Some commands like <command>list</command> require one or more names of |
| 144 | 155 files or options. If so, they are typed on the same line using |
| 156 spaces to separate each item. | |
| 157 </para> | |
| 158 <para> | |
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159 But where did the <command>list</command> and <command>dir</command> programs come from? There are |
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160 really more files on the disk than you suspect. The <command>dir</command> command |
| 144 | 161 showed you what is the disk's |
| 162 <emphasis>root directory</emphasis> - so named because the | |
| 1500 | 163 NitrOS-9 file system resembles a tree. Growing out of the root |
| 144 | 164 directory are three "branches" - files which are additional |
| 165 directories of file names instead of programs or data. They in turn | |
| 166 can have even more "branches" - ad infinitum. If you draw a map on | |
| 167 paper of how this works it does look like a tree. | |
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168 The directory files on your system disk are called <filename class="directory">CMDS</filename>, |
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169 <filename class="directory">SYS</filename>, and <filename class="directory">DEFS</filename>. |
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170 The file <filename class="directory">CMDS</filename> is a directory that consists of |
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171 all the system commands such as <command>dir</command>, <command>list</command>, |
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172 <command>format</command>, etc. To see the files contained in this directory, enter: |
| 144 | 173 <screen> |
| 1011 | 174 dir cmds |
| 144 | 175 </screen> |
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176 which tells <command>dir</command> to show files on the directory file |
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177 <filename class="directory">CMDS</filename> instead |
| 144 | 178 of the root directory. After you type this you should see a long |
| 179 list of file names. These are the complete set of command programs | |
| 1500 | 180 that come with NitrOS-9 and perform a myriad of functions. Chapter |
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181 Seven explains each one in detail. The <command>dir</command> command also has a handy |
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182 option to display the |
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183 <filename class="directory">CMDS</filename> directory with less typing: |
| 144 | 184 <screen> |
| 1011 | 185 dir -x |
| 144 | 186 </screen> |
| 187 Whenever you want a list of available commands you can use this so | |
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188 you don't have to look it up in the book. The <command>dir</command> command has |
| 1011 | 189 options which can give you more detailed information about each file. |
| 144 | 190 </para> |
| 191 </section> | |
| 192 </section> | |
| 1093 | 193 <section id="sec1.1"> |
| 144 | 194 <title>Making a Backup of the System Disk</title> |
| 195 <para> | |
| 196 Before getting too much more involved in further experimentation, | |
| 197 NOW is the time to make one or more exact copies of your System Disk | |
| 198 in case some misfortune befalls your one and only master System | |
| 199 Disk. Making a backup involves two steps: formatting a blank disk | |
| 200 and running a backup program. | |
| 201 </para> | |
| 1093 | 202 <section id="sec1.1.1"> |
| 144 | 203 <title>Formatting Blank Disks</title> |
| 204 <para> | |
| 205 Before the actual backup procedure can be done (or any fresh | |
| 206 diskette is used for any purpose), the blank disk which is to become | |
| 1500 | 207 the backup disk must be initialized by NitrOS-9's <command>format</command> command. |
| 144 | 208 </para> |
| 209 <para> | |
| 210 IF YOU HAVE ONLY ONE DISK DRIVE you have to be extra careful not to | |
| 211 accidentally FORMAT your system disk. Type: | |
| 212 | |
| 213 <screen> | |
| 1011 | 214 format /d0 |
| 144 | 215 </screen> |
| 216 | |
| 217 and when you see the message | |
| 218 | |
| 219 <screen> | |
| 1011 | 220 COLOR COMPUTER FORMATTER |
| 1017 | 221 Formatting drive /d0 |
| 222 y (yes) or n (no) | |
| 1011 | 223 Ready? |
| 144 | 224 </screen> |
| 225 | |
| 226 immediately remove your system disk and insert a blank disk | |
| 227 <emphasis>before</emphasis> you type "Y". | |
| 228 | |
| 229 IF YOU HAVE TWO DISK DRIVES place the blank disk in drive one and | |
| 230 type: | |
| 231 </para> | |
| 232 <screen> | |
| 1017 | 233 format /d1 |
| 144 | 234 </screen> |
| 235 <para> | |
| 236 WHEN THE BLANK DISK IS IN THE RIGHT PLACE, type "Y", then "ENTER". | |
| 237 This initiates the formatting process. IF THE CORRECT DEVICE NAME | |
| 238 (/D1) IS NOT DISPLAYED: TYPE N RIGHT NOW and start over, OR YOU | |
| 239 MAY ERASE your System Disk. | |
| 240 </para> | |
| 241 <para> | |
| 242 When you are asked for a disk name, type any letter, then ENTER. | |
| 243 The name you give is not important. If you have only one drive, | |
| 244 replace the system disk after the FORMAT program has finished. If | |
| 245 the FORMAT program reported any errors, try again. Disks used for | |
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246 backups can't have any errors. You're now ready to run the <command>backup</command> |
| 144 | 247 program. |
| 248 </para> | |
| 249 <para> | |
| 250 It takes several minutes for the FORMAT program to run. During | |
| 251 its second phase the hexadecimal number of each track will be | |
| 252 displayed as it is checked for bad sectors. If any are found an | |
| 253 error message for each bad sector is given. | |
| 254 </para> | |
| 255 </section> | |
| 256 | |
| 1093 | 257 <section id="sec1.1.2"> |
| 144 | 258 <title>Running the Backup Program</title> |
| 259 <para> | |
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260 The <command>backup</command> program makes an exact duplicate of a disk. It can be |
| 144 | 261 used even if you only have one disk drive. |
| 262 </para> | |
| 263 <para> | |
| 264 IF YOU HAVE ONE DRIVE type | |
| 265 </para> | |
| 266 <screen> | |
| 1011 | 267 backup /d0 #32k |
| 144 | 268 </screen> |
| 269 <para> | |
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270 The <command>backup</command> program will prompt you to alternately insert the source |
| 144 | 271 disk (the system disk) and the destination disk (the freshly |
| 272 formatted disk). | |
| 273 </para> | |
| 274 <para> | |
| 275 IF YOU HAVE TWO DRIVES type | |
| 276 </para> | |
| 277 <screen> | |
| 1011 | 278 backup #32K |
| 144 | 279 </screen> |
| 280 <para> | |
| 281 | |
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282 The <command>backup</command> program will respond with |
| 144 | 283 </para> |
| 284 <screen> | |
| 1017 | 285 Ready to backup from /d0 to /d1? |
| 144 | 286 </screen> |
| 287 <para> | |
| 288 Now enter Y for yes. It will then ask: | |
| 289 </para> | |
| 290 <screen> | |
| 1011 | 291 X is being scratched |
| 1017 | 292 Ok ?: |
| 144 | 293 </screen> |
| 294 <para> | |
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295 Answer "Y" for yes again, and the backup process should begin. |
| 144 | 296 </para> |
| 297 <para> | |
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298 The <command>backup</command> command has two phases: the first phase copies |
| 144 | 299 everything from drive zero to drive one checking for errors while |
| 300 reading from the master but not for "write" errors. The second | |
| 301 phase is the "verify" pass which makes sure everything was copied | |
| 302 onto the new disk correctly. If any errors are reported during the | |
| 303 first (copy) pass, there is a problem with the master disk or its | |
| 304 drive. If errors occur during the second (verify) pass, there is a | |
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305 problem with the new disk and the <command>backup</command> program should be run |
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306 again. If <command>backup</command> repeatedly fails on the second pass, reformat the |
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307 disk and try to <command>backup</command> again. If <command>backup</command> fails again, the disk is |
| 144 | 308 physically defective. |
| 309 </para> | |
| 310 <para> | |
| 1500 | 311 After you have made your backup disk, try turning the Color Computer |
| 1011 | 312 off and restarting the system with the copy you just made. |
| 144 | 313 If it works OK, store it in a safe place in case it is needed later. |
| 314 You should always have a backup copy of your system disk and all | |
| 315 other important disks. | |
| 316 </para> | |
| 317 </section> | |
| 318 </section> | |
| 319 </chapter> |