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1 <appendix id="video-display">
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1011
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2 <title>VDG Display System Functions</title>
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3
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4 <section>
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5 <title>The Video Display Generator</title>
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146
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6 <para>
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7 NitrOS-9 allows the VDG display to be used in
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8 alphanumeric, semigraphic, and graphics modes. There are many
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9 built-in functions to control the display, which are activated by
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10 used of various ASCII control character. Thus, these functions are
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11 available for use by software written in any language using standard
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1500
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12 output statements (such as "PRINT" in BASIC). The Color Computer's Basic09
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13 language has a Graphics Interface Module that can automatically
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14 generate these codes using Basic09 RUN statements.
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15 </para>
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16 <para>
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17 The display system has two display modes: Alphanumeric
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18 ("Alpha") mode and Graphics mode. The Alphanumeric mode also
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19 includes "semigraphic" box-graphics. The Color Computer's display
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20 system uses a separate - memory area for each display mode so
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21 operations on the Alpha display do not affect the Graphics display,
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22 and visa-versa. Either display can be selected under software
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23 control.
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24 </para>
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25 <para>
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26 8-bit characters sent to the display system are interpreted
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27 according to their numerical value, as shown in the chart below.
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28 </para>
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29
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30 <informaltable frame="none">
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31 <tgroup cols="2">
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648
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32 <colspec colwidth="2in"/>
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33 <colspec colwidth="3in"/>
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146
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34 <thead>
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35 <row>
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36 <entry>Character Range (Hex)</entry>
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37 <entry>Mode/Used For</entry>
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38 </row>
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39 </thead>
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40 <tbody>
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41 <row>
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42 <entry>00 - 0E</entry>
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43 <entry>Alpha Mode - cursor and screen control</entry>
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44 </row>
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45 <row>
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46 <entry>0F - 1B</entry>
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47 <entry>Graphics Mode - drawing and screen control</entry>
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48 </row>
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49 <row>
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50 <entry>1C - 20</entry>
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51 <entry>Not used</entry>
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52 </row>
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53 <row>
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54 <entry>20 - SF</entry>
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55 <entry>Alpha Mode - upper case characters</entry>
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56 </row>
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57 <row>
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58 <entry>60 - 7F</entry>
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59 <entry>Alpha Mode - lower case characters</entry>
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60 </row>
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61 <row>
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62 <entry>80 - FF</entry>
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63 <entry>Alpha Mode - Semigraphic patterns</entry>
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64 </row>
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65 </tbody>
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66 </tgroup>
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67 </informaltable>
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68
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69
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70 <para>
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71 The graphics and alphanumeric functions are handled by the OS-9
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72 device driver module called "CCIO".
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73 </para>
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74 </section>
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75 <section>
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76 <title>Alpha Mode Display</title>
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77 <para>
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78 This is the "standard" operational mode. It is used to display
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79 alphanumeric characters and semigraphic box graphics, and simulates
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80 the operation of a typical computer terminal with functions for
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81 scrolling, cursor positioning, clear screen, line delete, etc.
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82 </para>
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83 <para>
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84 Each 8-bit character is assumed to be an ASCII character and is
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85 displayed if its high order bit (sign bit) is cleared. Lower case
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86 letters are displayed in reverse video. If the high order bit of
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87 the character is set it is assumed to be a "Semigraphic 6" graphics
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88 box. See the Color Computer manual for an explanation of semigraphics
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89 functions.
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90 </para>
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91
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92 <table frame="none">
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93 <title>Alpha Mode Command Codes</title>
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94 <tgroup cols="2">
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95 <colspec colwidth="0.6in"/>
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96 <colspec colwidth="4in"/>
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97 <thead>
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98 <row rowsep="1">
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99 <entry>Control Code</entry>
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100 <entry>Name/Function</entry>
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101 </row>
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102 </thead>
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103 <tbody>
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104 <row>
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105 <entry>01</entry>
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106 <entry>HOME - return cursor to upper left hand corner of screen</entry>
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107 </row>
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108 <row>
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109 <entry>02</entry>
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110 <entry>CURSOR XY - move cursor to character X of line Y. The
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111 binary value minus 32 of the two characters following
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112 the control character are used as the X and Y
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113 coordinates. For example, to position the cursor at character 5 of line 10,
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114 you must give X=37 and Y42</entry>
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115 </row>
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116 <row>
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117 <entry>03</entry>
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118 <entry>ERASE LINE - erases all characters on the cursor's line.</entry>
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119 </row>
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120 <row>
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121 <entry>06</entry>
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122 <entry>CURSOR RIGHT - move cursor right one character position</entry>
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123 </row>
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124 <row>
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125 <entry>08</entry>
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126 <entry>CURSOR LEFT - move cursor left one character position</entry>
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127 </row>
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128 <row>
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129 <entry>09</entry>
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130 <entry>CURSOR UP - move cursor up one line</entry>
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131 </row>
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132 <row>
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133 <entry>10</entry>
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134 <entry>CURSOR DOWN (linefeed) move cursor down one line</entry>
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135 </row>
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136 <row>
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137 <entry>12</entry>
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138 <entry>CLEAR SCREEN - erase entire screen and home cursor</entry>
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139 </row>
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140 <row>
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141 <entry>13</entry>
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142 <entry>RETURN - return cursor to leftmost character of line</entry>
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143 </row>
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144 <row>
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145
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146 <entry>14</entry>
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147 <entry>DISPLAY ALPHA - switch screen from graphic mode to alpha
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148 numeric mode</entry>
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149 </row>
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150 </tbody>
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151 </tgroup>
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152 </table>
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153
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154 </section>
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155 <section>
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156 <title>Graphics Mode Display</title>
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157 <para>
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158 This mode is used to display high-resolution 2- or 4-color
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159 graphics, and it includes commands to: set color; plot and erase
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160 individual points; draw and erase lines; position the graphics
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161 cursor; and draw circles.
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162 </para>
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163 <para>
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164 The DISPLAY GRAPHICS command must be executed before any other
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165 graphics mode command is used. It causes the graphics screen to be
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166 displayed and sets a current display format and color. The Li.u.t
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167 time the DISPLAY GRAPHICS command is given, a 6144 byte display
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168 memory is allocated by OS-9, so there must be at least this much
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169 continuous free memory available (the OS-9 "MFREE" command can be
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170 used to check free memory). This memory is retained until the END
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171 GRAPHICS command is given, even if the program that initiated
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172 Graphics mode finishes, so it important that the END GRAPHICS
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173 command be used to give up the display memory when Graphics mode is
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174 no longer needed.
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175 </para>
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176 <para>
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177 Graphics mode supports two basic formats: Two-Color which has
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178 256 horizontal by 192 vertical points (G6R mode); and Four Color
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179 which has 128 horizontal by 192 vertical points (G6C mode). Two
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180 color sets are available in either mode. Regardless of the
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181 resolution of the format selected, all Graphics mode commands use a
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182 256 by 192 point coordinate system. The X and Y coordinates are
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183 always positive numbers which assume that point 0,0 is the lower
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184 lefthand corner of the screen.
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185 </para>
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186 <para>
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187 An invisible Graphics Cursor is used by many command to reduce
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188 the amount of output required to generate graphics. This cursor can
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189 be explicitly set to any point using the SET GRAPHICS CURSOR
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190 command. Also, all other commands that include X,Y coordinates
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191 (such as SET POINT) move the graphics cursor to the specified
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192 position.
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193 </para>
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194 <table frame="none">
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195 <title>Graphics Mode Selection Codes</title>
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196 <tgroup cols="2">
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648
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197 <colspec colwidth="1in"/>
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198 <colspec colwidth="3in"/>
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199 <thead>
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200 <row rowsep="1">
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201 <entry>Code</entry>
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202 <entry>Format</entry>
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203 </row>
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204 </thead>
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205 <tbody>
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206 <row>
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207 <entry>00</entry>
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208 <entry>256 x 192 two-color graphics</entry>
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209 </row>
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210 <row>
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211 <entry>01</entry>
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212 <entry>128 x 192 four-color graphics</entry>
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213 </row>
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214 </tbody>
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215 </tgroup>
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216 </table>
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217
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218
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219 <table frame="none">
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220 <title>Color Set and Current Foreground Color Selection Codes</title>
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221 <tgroup cols="6">
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222 <colspec colname="c1" colwidth="0.5in"/>
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223 <colspec colname="c2" colwidth="0.4in"/>
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224 <colspec colname="c3" colwidth="1in"/>
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225 <colspec colname="c4" colwidth="1in"/>
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226 <colspec colname="c5" colwidth="1in"/>
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227 <colspec colname="c6" colwidth="1in"/>
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228 <thead>
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229 <row>
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230 <entry align="center" namest="c3" nameend="c4">Two Color Format</entry>
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231 <entry align="center" namest="c5" nameend="c6">Four Color Format</entry>
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232 </row>
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233 <row>
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234 <entry align="center" namest="c2">Char</entry>
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235 <entry namest="c3">Background</entry>
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236 <entry namest="c4">Foreground</entry>
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237 <entry namest="c5">Background</entry>
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238 <entry namest="c6">Foreground</entry>
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239 </row>
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240 </thead>
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241 <tbody>
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242 <row>
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243 <entry morerows="3" valign="middle">Color Set 1</entry>
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244 <entry align="center">00</entry>
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245 <entry align="left">Black</entry>
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246 <entry align="left">Black</entry>
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247 <entry align="left">Green</entry>
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248 <entry align="left">Green</entry>
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249 </row>
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250 <row>
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251 <entry align="center">01</entry>
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252 <entry align="left">Black</entry>
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253 <entry align="left">Green</entry>
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254 <entry align="left">Green</entry>
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255 <entry align="left">Yellow</entry>
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256 </row>
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257 <row>
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258 <entry align="center">02</entry>
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259 <entry namest="c5" align="left">Green</entry>
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260 <entry align="left">Blue</entry>
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261 </row>
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262 <row rowsep="1">
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263 <entry align="center">03</entry>
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264 <entry namest="c5" align="left">Green</entry>
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265 <entry align="left">Red</entry>
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266 </row>
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267 <row>
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268 <entry morerows="3" valign="middle">Color Set 2</entry>
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269 <entry align="center">04</entry>
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270 <entry align="left">Black</entry>
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271 <entry align="left">Black</entry>
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272 <entry align="left">Buff</entry>
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273 <entry align="left">Buff</entry>
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274 </row>
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275 <row>
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276 <entry align="center" namest="c2">05</entry>
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277 <entry align="left">Black</entry>
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278 <entry align="left">Buff</entry>
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279 <entry align="left">Buff</entry>
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280 <entry align="left">Cyan</entry>
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281 </row>
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282 <row>
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283 <entry align="center" namest="c2">06</entry>
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284 <entry namest="c5" align="left">Buff</entry>
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285 <entry align="left">Magenta</entry>
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286 </row>
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287 <row rowsep="1">
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288 <entry align="center" namest="c2">07</entry>
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289 <entry namest="c5" align="left">Buff</entry>
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290 <entry align="left">Orange</entry>
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291 </row>
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292 <row>
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293 <entry morerows="3" valign="middle">Color Set 3*</entry>
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294 <entry align="center">08</entry>
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295 <entry namest="c5" align="left">Black</entry>
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296 <entry align="left">Black</entry>
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297 </row>
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298 <row>
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299 <entry align="center" namest="c2">09</entry>
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300 <entry namest="c5" align="left">Black</entry>
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301 <entry align="left">Dark Green</entry>
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302 </row>
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303 <row>
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304 <entry align="center" namest="c2">10</entry>
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305 <entry namest="c5" align="left">Black</entry>
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306 <entry align="left">Med. Green</entry>
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307 </row>
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308 <row rowsep="1">
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309 <entry align="center" namest="c2">11</entry>
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310 <entry namest="c5" align="left">Black</entry>
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311 <entry align="left">Light Green</entry>
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312 </row>
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313 <row>
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314 <entry morerows="3" valign="middle">Color Set 4*</entry>
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315 <entry align="center">12</entry>
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316 <entry namest="c5" align="left">Black</entry>
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317 <entry align="left">Black</entry>
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318 </row>
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319 <row>
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320 <entry align="center" namest="c2">13</entry>
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321 <entry namest="c5" align="left">Black</entry>
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322 <entry align="left">Green</entry>
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323 </row>
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324 <row>
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325 <entry align="center" namest="c2">14</entry>
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326 <entry namest="c5" align="left">Black</entry>
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327 <entry align="left">Red</entry>
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328 </row>
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329 <row>
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330 <entry align="center" namest="c2">15</entry>
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331 <entry namest="c5" align="left">Black</entry>
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332 <entry align="left">Buff</entry>
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333 </row>
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334 </tbody>
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335 </tgroup>
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336 </table>
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337
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338 <para>
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339 * Color sets 3 and 4 not available on PAL video system (European)
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340 models. These color sets work only with NTSC (U.S., Canada, Japan)
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341 models.
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342 </para>
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343
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344 <table frame="none">
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345 <title>Graphics Mode Control Commands</title>
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346 <tgroup cols="2">
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347 <colspec colname="c1" colwidth="0.8in"/>
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348 <colspec colname="c1" colwidth="4in"/>
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349 <thead>
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350 <row rowsep="1">
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351 <entry>Control Code</entry>
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352 <entry>Name/Function</entry>
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353 </row>
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354 </thead>
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355 <tbody>
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356 <row>
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357 <entry>15</entry>
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358 <entry>DISPLAY GRAPHICS - switches screen to graphics mode.
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359 This command must be given before any other
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360 graphics commands are used. The first time this command
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361 is given, a 6K byte display buffer is assigned. If 6K of
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362 contiguous memory is not available an error is returned.
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363 This command is followed by two characters which specify
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364 the graphics mode and current color/color set, respectively.</entry>
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365 </row>
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366 <row>
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367 <entry>16</entry>
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368 <entry>PRESET SCREEN - presets entire screen to color code
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369 passed in next character.</entry>
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370 </row>
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371 <row>
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372 <entry>17</entry>
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373 <entry>SET COLOR - selects foreground color (and color set)
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374 passed in next character, but does not change graphics
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375 mode.</entry>
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376 </row>
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377 <row>
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378 <entry>18</entry>
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379 <entry>QUIT GRAPHICS - disables graphics mode and returns the
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380 6K byte graphics memory area to OS-9 for other use, and
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381 switches to alpha mode.</entry>
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382 </row>
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383 <row>
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384 <entry>19</entry>
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385 <entry>ERASE GRAPHICS - erases all points to background color
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386 and homes graphics cursor to the desired position.</entry>
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387 </row>
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388 <row>
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389 <entry>20</entry>
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390 <entry>HOME GRAPHICS CURSOR - moves graphics cursor to coordinates
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391 0,0 (lower left hand corner).</entry>
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392 </row>
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393 <row>
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394 <entry>21</entry>
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395 <entry>SET GRAPHICS CURSOR - moves graphics cursor to given
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396 coordinates X,Y. The binary value of the two characters that immediately
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397 follow are used as the X and Y values, respectively.</entry>
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398 </row>
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399 <row>
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400 <entry>22</entry>
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401 <entry>DRAW LINE - draws a line of the current foreground
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402 color from the current graphics cursor position to the
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403 given X,Y coordinates. The binary value of the two
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404 characters that immediately follow are used as the X
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405 and Y values, respectively. The graphics cursor is
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406 moved to the end point of the line.</entry>
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407 </row>
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408 <row>
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409 <entry>23</entry>
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410 <entry>ERASE LINE - same as DRAW LINE except the line is
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411 "drawn" in the current background color, thus erasing
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412 the line.</entry>
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413 </row>
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414 <row>
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415 <entry>24</entry>
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416 <entry>SET POINT - sets the pixel-at point X,Y to the current
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417 foreground color. The binary value of the two
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418 characters that immediately follow are used as the x
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419 and Y values, respectively. The graphics cursor is
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420 moved to the point Set.</entry>
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421 </row>
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422 <row>
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423 <entry>25</entry>
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424 <entry>ERASE POINT - same as DRAW POINT except the point is
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425 "drawn" in the current background color, thus erasing
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426 the point.</entry>
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427 </row>
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428 <row>
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429 <entry>26</entry>
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430 <entry>DRAW CIRCLE - draws a circle of the current foreground
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431 color with its center at the current graphics cursor
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432 position using a radius R which is obtained using the
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433 binary value of the next character. The graphics
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434 cursor position is not affected by this command.</entry>
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435 </row>
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436 </tbody>
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437 </tgroup>
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438 </table>
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439
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440 </section>
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441 <section>
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442 <title>Get Status Commands</title>
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443 <para>
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1500
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444 The Color Computer I/O driver includes OS-9 Get Status
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146
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445 commands that return the display status and joystick values,
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446 respectively. These are accessable via the Basic09 Graphics
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447 Interface Module, or by the assembly language system calls listed
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448 below:
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449 </para>
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450 <para>
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451 GET DISPLAY STATUS:
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452 </para>
|
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453 <informaltable frame="none">
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454 <tgroup cols="2">
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648
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455 <colspec colwidth="2in"/>
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456 <colspec colwidth="3in"/>
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146
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457 <tbody>
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458 <row>
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459 <entry>Calling Format</entry>
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648
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460 <entry><literallayout class="monospaced">lda #1 (path number)
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146
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461 ldb #SS.DStat (Getstat code $12)
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462 os9 I$GSTT call OS-9</literallayout></entry>
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463 </row>
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464 <row>
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465 <entry>Passed</entry>
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466 <entry>nothing</entry>
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467 </row>
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468 <row>
|
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469 <entry>Returns</entry>
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470 <entry><literallayout>X = address of graphics display memory
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471 Y = graphics cursor address x=MSB y =LSB
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472 A = color code of pixel at cursor address</literallayout></entry>
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473 </row>
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474 </tbody>
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475 </tgroup>
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476 </informaltable>
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477 <para>
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478 GET JOYSTICK VALUES:
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479 </para>
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|
480 <informaltable frame="none">
|
|
481 <tgroup cols="2">
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648
|
482 <colspec colwidth="2in"/>
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|
483 <colspec colwidth="3in"/>
|
146
|
484 <tbody>
|
|
485 <row>
|
|
486 <entry>Calling Format</entry>
|
648
|
487 <entry><literallayout class="monospaced">lda #1 (path number)
|
146
|
488 ldb #SS.Joy (Getstat code $13)
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|
489 os9 I$GSTT call OS-9</literallayout></entry>
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|
490 </row>
|
|
491 <row>
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492 <entry>Passed</entry>
|
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493 <entry>X = 0 for right joystick; 1 for left joystick</entry>
|
|
494 </row>
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|
495 <row>
|
|
496 <entry>Returns</entry>
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497 <entry><literallayout>X = selected joystick x value (0-63)
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498 Y = selected joystick y value (0-63)
|
|
499 A = $FF if fire button on; $00 if off</literallayout></entry>
|
|
500 </row>
|
|
501 </tbody>
|
|
502 </tgroup>
|
|
503 </informaltable>
|
|
504
|
|
505 <table frame="none">
|
|
506 <title>Display Control Codes Condensed Summary</title>
|
|
507 <tgroup cols="4">
|
648
|
508 <colspec colwidth="0.9in"/>
|
|
509 <colspec colwidth="0.9in"/>
|
|
510 <colspec colwidth="0.9in"/>
|
|
511 <colspec colwidth="2.5in"/>
|
146
|
512 <thead>
|
|
513 <row rowsep="1">
|
|
514 <entry>1st Byte</entry>
|
|
515 <entry>2nd Byte</entry>
|
|
516 <entry>3rd Byte</entry>
|
|
517 <entry>Function</entry>
|
|
518 </row>
|
|
519 </thead>
|
|
520 <tbody>
|
|
521 <row>
|
|
522 <entry>00</entry>
|
|
523 <entry></entry>
|
|
524 <entry></entry>
|
|
525 <entry>Null</entry>
|
|
526 </row>
|
|
527 <row>
|
|
528 <entry>01</entry>
|
|
529 <entry></entry>
|
|
530 <entry></entry>
|
|
531 <entry>Home Alpha Cursor</entry>
|
|
532 </row>
|
|
533 <row>
|
|
534 <entry>02</entry>
|
|
535 <entry>Column+32</entry>
|
|
536 <entry>Row+32</entry>
|
|
537 <entry>Position Alpha Cursor</entry>
|
|
538 </row>
|
|
539 <row>
|
|
540 <entry>03</entry>
|
|
541 <entry></entry>
|
|
542 <entry></entry>
|
|
543 <entry>Erase Line</entry>
|
|
544 </row>
|
|
545 <row>
|
|
546 <entry>06</entry>
|
|
547 <entry></entry>
|
|
548 <entry></entry>
|
|
549 <entry>Cursor Right</entry>
|
|
550 </row>
|
|
551 <row>
|
|
552 <entry>08</entry>
|
|
553 <entry></entry>
|
|
554 <entry></entry>
|
|
555 <entry>Cursor Left</entry>
|
|
556 </row>
|
|
557 <row>
|
|
558 <entry>09</entry>
|
|
559 <entry></entry>
|
|
560 <entry></entry>
|
|
561 <entry>Cursor Up</entry>
|
|
562 </row>
|
|
563 <row>
|
|
564 <entry>10</entry>
|
|
565 <entry></entry>
|
|
566 <entry></entry>
|
|
567 <entry>Cursor Down</entry>
|
|
568 </row>
|
|
569 <row>
|
|
570 <entry>12</entry>
|
|
571 <entry></entry>
|
|
572 <entry></entry>
|
|
573 <entry>Clear Screen</entry>
|
|
574 </row>
|
|
575 <row>
|
|
576 <entry>13</entry>
|
|
577 <entry></entry>
|
|
578 <entry></entry>
|
|
579 <entry>Carriage Return</entry>
|
|
580 </row>
|
|
581 <row>
|
|
582 <entry>14</entry>
|
|
583 <entry></entry>
|
|
584 <entry></entry>
|
|
585 <entry>Select Alpha Mode</entry>
|
|
586 </row>
|
|
587 <row>
|
|
588 <entry>15</entry>
|
|
589 <entry>Mode</entry>
|
|
590 <entry>Color Code</entry>
|
|
591 <entry>Select Graphics Mode</entry>
|
|
592 </row>
|
|
593 <row>
|
|
594 <entry>16</entry>
|
|
595 <entry>Color Code</entry>
|
|
596 <entry></entry>
|
|
597 <entry>Preset Screen</entry>
|
|
598 </row>
|
|
599 <row>
|
|
600 <entry>17</entry>
|
|
601 <entry>Color Code</entry>
|
|
602 <entry></entry>
|
|
603 <entry>Select Color</entry>
|
|
604 </row>
|
|
605 <row>
|
|
606 <entry>18</entry>
|
|
607 <entry></entry>
|
|
608 <entry>Quit Graphics Mode</entry>
|
|
609 </row>
|
|
610 <row>
|
|
611 <entry>19</entry>
|
|
612 <entry></entry>
|
|
613 <entry>Erase Screen</entry>
|
|
614 </row>
|
|
615 <row>
|
|
616 <entry>20</entry>
|
|
617 <entry></entry>
|
|
618 <entry>Home Graphics Cursor</entry>
|
|
619 </row>
|
|
620 <row>
|
|
621 <entry>21</entry>
|
|
622 <entry>X Coord</entry>
|
|
623 <entry>Y Coord</entry>
|
|
624 <entry>Move Graphics Cursor</entry>
|
|
625 </row>
|
|
626 <row>
|
|
627 <entry>22</entry>
|
|
628 <entry>X Coord</entry>
|
|
629 <entry>Y Coord</entry>
|
|
630 <entry>Draw Line to X/Y</entry>
|
|
631 </row>
|
|
632 <row>
|
|
633 <entry>23</entry>
|
|
634 <entry>X Coord</entry>
|
|
635 <entry>Y Coord</entry>
|
|
636 <entry>Erase Line to X/Y</entry>
|
|
637 </row>
|
|
638 <row>
|
|
639 <entry>24</entry>
|
|
640 <entry>X Coord</entry>
|
|
641 <entry>Y Coord</entry>
|
|
642 <entry>Set Point at X/Y</entry>
|
|
643 </row>
|
|
644 <row>
|
|
645 <entry>25</entry>
|
|
646 <entry>X Coord</entry>
|
|
647 <entry>Y Coord</entry>
|
|
648 <entry>Clear Point at X/Y</entry>
|
|
649 </row>
|
|
650 <row>
|
|
651 <entry>26</entry>
|
|
652 <entry>Radius</entry>
|
|
653 <entry></entry>
|
|
654 <entry>Draw Circle</entry>
|
|
655 </row>
|
|
656 </tbody>
|
|
657 </tgroup>
|
|
658 </table>
|
|
659
|
|
660 </section>
|
|
661 </appendix>
|