Mercurial > hg > Members > kono > nitros9-code

comparison docs/basic09/basic09.docbook @ 649:28d9e5a4ef52 Revision_F

Find changesets by keywords (author, files, the commit message), revision number or hash, or revset expression.
XMLified
author roug
date Wed, 11 Dec 2002 20:41:50 +0000
parents 30480200b0f1
children 07a25643d033
comparison
equal deleted inserted replaced
648:f9c66ad345d1 649:28d9e5a4ef52
1 <!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.1//EN" [ 1 <?xml version="1.0" ?>
2 <!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
3 "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd" [
2 <!ENTITY b09 "BASIC09"> 4 <!ENTITY b09 "BASIC09">
3 <!ENTITY minus "&#045;"> 5 <!ENTITY mdash "&#8212;">
4 ]> 6 ]>
5 <book id="basic09" lang="en"> 7 <book id="basic09" lang="en">
6 <bookinfo> 8 <bookinfo>
7 <title>&b09;</title> 9 <title>&b09;</title>
8 <subtitle>Programming Language Reference Manual</subtitle> 10 <subtitle>Programming Language Reference Manual</subtitle>
845 current working name if a name is omitted. These commands change 847 current working name if a name is omitted. These commands change
846 the mode of &b09; by exiting the command mode and entering another mode. 848 the mode of &b09; by exiting the command mode and entering another mode.
847 These commands are: 849 These commands are:
848 <informaltable frame="none"> 850 <informaltable frame="none">
849 <tgroup cols="2"> 851 <tgroup cols="2">
850 <colspec colwidth="1in"> 852 <colspec colwidth="1in"/>
851 <tbody> 853 <tbody>
852 <row> 854 <row>
853 <entry>RUN</entry> 855 <entry>RUN</entry>
854 <entry>which enters Execution Mode to run a procedure</entry> 856 <entry>which enters Execution Mode to run a procedure</entry>
855 </row> 857 </row>
870 order to precisely describe their formats, the syntax notation shown below 872 order to precisely describe their formats, the syntax notation shown below
871 is used. 873 is used.
872 874
873 <informaltable frame="none"> 875 <informaltable frame="none">
874 <tgroup cols="2"> 876 <tgroup cols="2">
875 <colspec colwidth="1.3in"> 877 <colspec colwidth="1.3in"/>
876 <tbody> 878 <tbody>
877 <row> 879 <row>
878 <entry>[ ]</entry> 880 <entry>[ ]</entry>
879 <entry>things in brackets are optional.</entry> 881 <entry>things in brackets are optional.</entry>
880 </row> 882 </row>
982 They have completely different functions. 984 They have completely different functions.
983 </para> 985 </para>
984 986
985 <cmdsynopsis> 987 <cmdsynopsis>
986 <command>EDIT [&lt;procname>]</command> 988 <command>EDIT [&lt;procname>]</command>
987 <sbr> 989 <sbr/>
988 <command>E [&lt;procname>]</command> 990 <command>E [&lt;procname>]</command>
989 </cmdsynopsis> 991 </cmdsynopsis>
990 <para> 992 <para>
991 993
992 Exits command mode and enters the text editor/compiler mode. If the specified 994 Exits command mode and enters the text editor/compiler mode. If the specified
1003 </informalexample> 1005 </informalexample>
1004 1006
1005 </para> 1007 </para>
1006 <cmdsynopsis> 1008 <cmdsynopsis>
1007 <command>KILL [&lt;procname> {,&lt;procname>}]</command> 1009 <command>KILL [&lt;procname> {,&lt;procname>}]</command>
1008 <sbr> 1010 <sbr/>
1009 <command>KILL*</command> 1011 <command>KILL*</command>
1010 </cmdsynopsis> 1012 </cmdsynopsis>
1011 <para> 1013 <para>
1012 Erases the procedure(s) specified. KILL* clears the 1014 Erases the procedure(s) specified. KILL* clears the
1013 entire workspace. The process may take some time if there are many 1015 entire workspace. The process may take some time if there are many
1024 </informalexample> 1026 </informalexample>
1025 </para> 1027 </para>
1026 1028
1027 <cmdsynopsis> 1029 <cmdsynopsis>
1028 <command>LIST [&lt;procname> {,&lt;procname>}] [> &lt;pathlist>]</command> 1030 <command>LIST [&lt;procname> {,&lt;procname>}] [> &lt;pathlist>]</command>
1029 <sbr> 1031 <sbr/>
1030 <command>LIST* [&lt;pathlist>]</command> 1032 <command>LIST* [&lt;pathlist>]</command>
1031 </cmdsynopsis> 1033 </cmdsynopsis>
1032 <para> 1034 <para>
1033 Prints a formatted "pretty printed" listing of one or more procedures. 1035 Prints a formatted "pretty printed" listing of one or more procedures.
1034 The listing includes 1036 The listing includes
1091 </informalexample> 1093 </informalexample>
1092 1094
1093 </para> 1095 </para>
1094 <cmdsynopsis> 1096 <cmdsynopsis>
1095 <command>MEM</command> 1097 <command>MEM</command>
1096 <sbr> 1098 <sbr/>
1097 <command>MEM [&lt;number>]</command> 1099 <command>MEM [&lt;number>]</command>
1098 </cmdsynopsis> 1100 </cmdsynopsis>
1099 <para> 1101 <para>
1100 MEM used without a number displays the present total workspace size in 1102 MEM used without a number displays the present total workspace size in
1101 (decimal) bytes. If a number is given, &b09; asks OS-9 to expand or 1103 (decimal) bytes. If a number is given, &b09; asks OS-9 to expand or
1115 </informalexample> 1117 </informalexample>
1116 1118
1117 </para> 1119 </para>
1118 <cmdsynopsis> 1120 <cmdsynopsis>
1119 <command>PACK [&lt;procname> {,&lt;procname>}] [> &lt;pathlist>]</command> 1121 <command>PACK [&lt;procname> {,&lt;procname>}] [> &lt;pathlist>]</command>
1120 <sbr> 1122 <sbr/>
1121 <command>PACK* [&lt;pathlist>]</command> 1123 <command>PACK* [&lt;pathlist>]</command>
1122 </cmdsynopsis> 1124 </cmdsynopsis>
1123 <para> 1125 <para>
1124 This command 1126 This command
1125 causes an extra compiler pass on the procedure(s) specified, which 1127 causes an extra compiler pass on the procedure(s) specified, which
1139 to run it later. Here is an example sequence that demonstrates packing a 1141 to run it later. Here is an example sequence that demonstrates packing a
1140 procedure: 1142 procedure:
1141 1143
1142 <informaltable frame="none"> 1144 <informaltable frame="none">
1143 <tgroup cols="2"> 1145 <tgroup cols="2">
1144 <colspec colwidth="2in"> 1146 <colspec colwidth="2in"/>
1145 <tbody> 1147 <tbody>
1146 <row> 1148 <row>
1147 <entry>pack sort</entry> 1149 <entry>pack sort</entry>
1148 <entry>packs procedure sort and creates a file</entry> 1150 <entry>packs procedure sort and creates a file</entry>
1149 </row> 1151 </row>
1234 </informalexample> 1236 </informalexample>
1235 </para> 1237 </para>
1236 1238
1237 <cmdsynopsis> 1239 <cmdsynopsis>
1238 <command>SAVE [&lt;procname> { &lt;procname>} [> &lt;pathlist>]]</command> 1240 <command>SAVE [&lt;procname> { &lt;procname>} [> &lt;pathlist>]]</command>
1239 <sbr> 1241 <sbr/>
1240 <command>SAVE* [&lt;pathlist>]</command> 1242 <command>SAVE* [&lt;pathlist>]</command>
1241 </cmdsynopsis> 1243 </cmdsynopsis>
1242 <para> 1244 <para>
1243 Writes the procedure(s) (or all procedures) to an output 1245 Writes the procedure(s) (or all procedures) to an output
1244 file or device in source format. SAVE is similar to the LIST command 1246 file or device in source format. SAVE is similar to the LIST command
1305 in detail later in this chapter. 1307 in detail later in this chapter.
1306 1308
1307 <table frame="none"> 1309 <table frame="none">
1308 <title>Edit Mode Commands</title> 1310 <title>Edit Mode Commands</title>
1309 <tgroup cols="2"> 1311 <tgroup cols="2">
1310 <colspec colwidth="2in"> 1312 <colspec colwidth="2in"/>
1311 <tbody> 1313 <tbody>
1312 <row> 1314 <row>
1313 <entry>&lt;cr></entry> 1315 <entry>&lt;cr></entry>
1314 <entry>move edit pointer forward</entry> 1316 <entry>move edit pointer forward</entry>
1315 </row> 1317 </row>
1320 <row> 1322 <row>
1321 <entry>+*</entry> 1323 <entry>+*</entry>
1322 <entry>move edit pointer to end of text</entry> 1324 <entry>move edit pointer to end of text</entry>
1323 </row> 1325 </row>
1324 <row> 1326 <row>
1325 <entry>&minus;</entry> 1327 <entry>-</entry>
1326 <entry>move edit pointer backward</entry> 1328 <entry>move edit pointer backward</entry>
1327 </row> 1329 </row>
1328 <row> 1330 <row>
1329 <entry>&minus;*</entry> 1331 <entry>-*</entry>
1330 <entry>move edit pointer to beginning of text</entry> 1332 <entry>move edit pointer to beginning of text</entry>
1331 </row> 1333 </row>
1332 <row> 1334 <row>
1333 <entry>&lt;space> &lt;text></entry> 1335 <entry>&lt;space> &lt;text></entry>
1334 <entry>insert unnumbered line</entry> 1336 <entry>insert unnumbered line</entry>
1465 <para> 1467 <para>
1466 The line-number oriented commands are: 1468 The line-number oriented commands are:
1467 1469
1468 <informaltable frame="none"> 1470 <informaltable frame="none">
1469 <tgroup cols="2"> 1471 <tgroup cols="2">
1470 <colspec colwidth="2in"> 1472 <colspec colwidth="2in"/>
1471 <tbody> 1473 <tbody>
1472 <row> 1474 <row>
1473 <entry>&lt;line#> &lt;text></entry> 1475 <entry>&lt;line#> &lt;text></entry>
1474 <entry>insert or replace numbered line</entry> 1476 <entry>insert or replace numbered line</entry>
1475 </row> 1477 </row>
1540 "*" at the left side of the program line where the edit pointer is 1542 "*" at the left side of the program line where the edit pointer is
1541 presently located. 1543 presently located.
1542 </para> 1544 </para>
1543 <sect2><title>Moving the Edit Pointer</title> 1545 <sect2><title>Moving the Edit Pointer</title>
1544 <para> 1546 <para>
1545 The "+" and "&minus;" are used to reposition the edit pointer: 1547 The "+" and "-" are used to reposition the edit pointer:
1546 1548
1547 <informaltable frame="none"> 1549 <informaltable frame="none">
1548 <tgroup cols="2"> 1550 <tgroup cols="2">
1549 <colspec colwidth="2in"> 1551 <colspec colwidth="2in"/>
1550 <tbody> 1552 <tbody>
1551 <row> 1553 <row>
1552 <entry>&minus;</entry> 1554 <entry>-</entry>
1553 <entry>moves backward one line</entry> 1555 <entry>moves backward one line</entry>
1554 </row> 1556 </row>
1555 <row> 1557 <row>
1556 <entry>&minus; &lt;number></entry> 1558 <entry>- &lt;number></entry>
1557 <entry>moves backward n lines</entry> 1559 <entry>moves backward n lines</entry>
1558 </row> 1560 </row>
1559 <row> 1561 <row>
1560 <entry>&minus;*</entry> 1562 <entry>-*</entry>
1561 <entry>moves to the beginning of the procedure</entry> 1563 <entry>moves to the beginning of the procedure</entry>
1562 </row> 1564 </row>
1563 <row> 1565 <row>
1564 <entry>+</entry> 1566 <entry>+</entry>
1565 <entry>moves forward one line</entry> 1567 <entry>moves forward one line</entry>
1610 1612
1611 The first form deletes the &lt;number> of lines starting at the current edit 1613 The first form deletes the &lt;number> of lines starting at the current edit
1612 pointer location. 1614 pointer location.
1613 The second form deletes ALL lines in the procedure (caution!). 1615 The second form deletes ALL lines in the procedure (caution!).
1614 The editor accepts 1616 The editor accepts
1615 "+*" and "&minus;*" to mean to the end, or to the beginning of the procedure 1617 "+*" and "-*" to mean to the end, or to the beginning of the procedure
1616 respectively. If the number is negative, that many lines BEFORE the 1618 respectively. If the number is negative, that many lines BEFORE the
1617 current line is deleted. 1619 current line is deleted.
1618 If a line number is omitted, only the current line is deleted. 1620 If a line number is omitted, only the current line is deleted.
1619 </para></sect2> 1621 </para></sect2>
1620 <sect2><title>Listing Lines</title> 1622 <sect2><title>Listing Lines</title>
1813 passed following the pathname specified. For 1815 passed following the pathname specified. For
1814 example, the following OS-9 command lines use this feature: 1816 example, the following OS-9 command lines use this feature:
1815 1817
1816 <programlisting> 1818 <programlisting>
1817 OS9: &b09; printreport("Past Due Accounts") 1819 OS9: &b09; printreport("Past Due Accounts")
1818 OS9: &b09; evaluate(COS(7.8814)/12.075,&minus;22.5,129.055) 1820 OS9: &b09; evaluate(COS(7.8814)/12.075,-22.5,129.055)
1819 </programlisting> 1821 </programlisting>
1820 1822
1821 </para> 1823 </para>
1822 </sect1> 1824 </sect1>
1823 </chapter> 1825 </chapter>
1936 programs suspended by Control-C, PAUSE statements, BREAK command 1938 programs suspended by Control-C, PAUSE statements, BREAK command
1937 breakpoints, or after non-fatal run-time errors. 1939 breakpoints, or after non-fatal run-time errors.
1938 1940
1939 <cmdsynopsis> 1941 <cmdsynopsis>
1940 <command>DEG</command> 1942 <command>DEG</command>
1941 <sbr> 1943 <sbr/>
1942 <command>RAD</command> 1944 <command>RAD</command>
1943 </cmdsynopsis> 1945 </cmdsynopsis>
1944 These commands select either degrees or radians as the angle unit 1946 These commands select either degrees or radians as the angle unit
1945 measure used by trigonometric functions. These commands only affect 1947 measure used by trigonometric functions. These commands only affect
1946 the procedure currently being debugged or run. 1948 the procedure currently being debugged or run.
2028 once, so the statement that appears to be the top of the loop is actually 2030 once, so the statement that appears to be the top of the loop is actually
2029 the one following the "FOR" statement. 2031 the one following the "FOR" statement.
2030 2032
2031 <cmdsynopsis> 2033 <cmdsynopsis>
2032 <command>TRON</command> 2034 <command>TRON</command>
2033 <sbr> 2035 <sbr/>
2034 <command>TROFF</command> 2036 <command>TROFF</command>
2035 </cmdsynopsis> 2037 </cmdsynopsis>
2036 These commands turn the suspended procedure's trace mode on and off. In 2038 These commands turn the suspended procedure's trace mode on and off. In
2037 trace mode, the compiled code of each equivalent statement line is 2039 trace mode, the compiled code of each equivalent statement line is
2038 reconstructed to source statements and displayed before the statement 2040 reconstructed to source statements and displayed before the statement
2210 overview of the characteristics of each type: 2212 overview of the characteristics of each type:
2211 2213
2212 <table frame="none"> 2214 <table frame="none">
2213 <title>&b09; Atomic Data Type Summary</title> 2215 <title>&b09; Atomic Data Type Summary</title>
2214 <tgroup cols="3"> 2216 <tgroup cols="3">
2215 <colspec colwidth="1.2in"> 2217 <colspec colwidth="1.2in"/>
2216 <colspec colwidth="2.1in"> 2218 <colspec colwidth="2.1in"/>
2217 <thead> 2219 <thead>
2218 <row> 2220 <row>
2219 <entry>Type:</entry> 2221 <entry>Type:</entry>
2220 <entry>Allowable values:</entry> 2222 <entry>Allowable values:</entry>
2221 <entry>Memory requirement:</entry> 2223 <entry>Memory requirement:</entry>
2227 <entry>Whole Numbers 0 to 255</entry> 2229 <entry>Whole Numbers 0 to 255</entry>
2228 <entry>One byte</entry> 2230 <entry>One byte</entry>
2229 </row> 2231 </row>
2230 <row> 2232 <row>
2231 <entry>INTEGER</entry> 2233 <entry>INTEGER</entry>
2232 <entry>Whole Numbers ­32768 to 32767</entry> 2234 <entry>Whole Numbers -32768 to 32767</entry>
2233 <entry>Two bytes</entry> 2235 <entry>Two bytes</entry>
2234 </row> 2236 </row>
2235 <row> 2237 <row>
2236 <entry>REAL</entry> 2238 <entry>REAL</entry>
2237 <entry>Floating Point +/­ 1*10^38</entry> 2239 <entry>Floating Point +/- 1*10^38</entry>
2238 <entry>Five bytes</entry> 2240 <entry>Five bytes</entry>
2239 </row> 2241 </row>
2240 <row> 2242 <row>
2241 <entry>STRING</entry> 2243 <entry>STRING</entry>
2242 <entry>Letters, digits, punctuation</entry> 2244 <entry>Letters, digits, punctuation</entry>
2276 2278
2277 </para></sect2> 2279 </para></sect2>
2278 <sect2><title>Type INTEGER</title> 2280 <sect2><title>Type INTEGER</title>
2279 <para> 2281 <para>
2280 INTEGER variables consist of two bytes of storage, and hold a 2282 INTEGER variables consist of two bytes of storage, and hold a
2281 numeric value in the range ­32768 through 32767 as 2283 numeric value in the range -32768 through 32767 as
2282 signed 16-bit data. Decimal points are not allowed. INTEGER constants 2284 signed 16-bit data. Decimal points are not allowed. INTEGER constants
2283 may also be represented as hexadecimal values in the range $0000 2285 may also be represented as hexadecimal values in the range $0000
2284 through $FFFF to facilitate address calculations. INTEGER values 2286 through $FFFF to facilitate address calculations. INTEGER values
2285 are printed without a decimal point. INTEGER arithmetic is faster and 2287 are printed without a decimal point. INTEGER arithmetic is faster and
2286 requires less storage than REAL values. 2288 requires less storage than REAL values.
2287 </para> 2289 </para>
2288 <para> 2290 <para>
2289 Arithmetic which results in values outside the INTEGER range does not 2291 Arithmetic which results in values outside the INTEGER range does not
2290 cause run-time errors but instead "wraps around" modulo 65536; i.e., 2292 cause run-time errors but instead "wraps around" modulo 65536; i.e.,
2291 32767 + 1 yields &minus;32768. Division of an integer by another integer 2293 32767 + 1 yields -32768. Division of an integer by another integer
2292 yields an integer result, and any remainder is discarded. The programmer 2294 yields an integer result, and any remainder is discarded. The programmer
2293 should be aware that numeric comparisons made on values in the range 2295 should be aware that numeric comparisons made on values in the range
2294 32767 through 65535 will actually be dealing with negative numbers, 2296 32767 through 65535 will actually be dealing with negative numbers,
2295 so it may be desirable to limit such comparisons to tests for equality 2297 so it may be desirable to limit such comparisons to tests for equality
2296 or non-equality. Additionally, certain functions (LAND, LNOT, LOR, LXOR) 2298 or non-equality. Additionally, certain functions (LAND, LNOT, LOR, LXOR)
2322 </literallayout> 2324 </literallayout>
2323 </figure> 2325 </figure>
2324 2326
2325 </para> 2327 </para>
2326 <para> 2328 <para>
2327 The exponent covers the range 2.938735877 * 10^&minus;39 (2^&minus;128) 2329 The exponent covers the range 2.938735877 * 10^-39 (2^-128)
2328 through 1.701411835 * 10^38 (2^127) as powers of 2. Operations which 2330 through 1.701411835 * 10^38 (2^127) as powers of 2. Operations which
2329 result in values out of the representation range cause overflow or 2331 result in values out of the representation range cause overflow or
2330 underflow errors (which may be handled automatically by the ON ERROR 2332 underflow errors (which may be handled automatically by the ON ERROR
2331 command). The mantissa covers the range from 0.5 through .9999999995 2333 command). The mantissa covers the range from 0.5 through .9999999995
2332 in steps of 2^-31. This means that REAL numbers can represent values 2334 in steps of 2^-31. This means that REAL numbers can represent values
2453 <row> 2455 <row>
2454 <entry>1.0</entry> 2456 <entry>1.0</entry>
2455 <entry>9.8433218</entry> 2457 <entry>9.8433218</entry>
2456 </row> 2458 </row>
2457 <row> 2459 <row>
2458 <entry>&minus;.01</entry> 2460 <entry>-.01</entry>
2459 <entry>&minus;999.000099</entry> 2461 <entry>-999.000099</entry>
2460 </row> 2462 </row>
2461 <row> 2463 <row>
2462 <entry>100000000</entry> 2464 <entry>100000000</entry>
2463 <entry>5655.34532</entry> 2465 <entry>5655.34532</entry>
2464 </row> 2466 </row>
2465 <row> 2467 <row>
2466 <entry>1.95E+12</entry> 2468 <entry>1.95E+12</entry>
2467 <entry>&minus;99999.9E-33</entry> 2469 <entry>-99999.9E-33</entry>
2468 </row> 2470 </row>
2469 </tbody> 2471 </tbody>
2470 </tgroup> 2472 </tgroup>
2471 </informaltable> 2473 </informaltable>
2472 2474
2473 2475
2474 </para> 2476 </para>
2475 <para> 2477 <para>
2476 2478
2477 Numbers that do not have a decimal point and are in the range of 2479 Numbers that do not have a decimal point and are in the range of
2478 ­32768 to +32767 are treated as INTEGER numbers. 2480 -32768 to +32767 are treated as INTEGER numbers.
2479 &b09; will also accept integer constants in hexadecimal in the range 0 to 2481 &b09; will also accept integer constants in hexadecimal in the range 0 to
2480 $FFFF. Hex numbers must have a leading dollar sign. Here are some 2482 $FFFF. Hex numbers must have a leading dollar sign. Here are some
2481 examples of INTEGER constants: 2483 examples of INTEGER constants:
2482 2484
2483 <informaltable frame="none"> 2485 <informaltable frame="none">
2484 <tgroup cols="3"> 2486 <tgroup cols="3">
2485 <tbody> 2487 <tbody>
2486 <row> 2488 <row>
2487 <entry>12</entry> 2489 <entry>12</entry>
2488 <entry>&minus;3000</entry> 2490 <entry>-3000</entry>
2489 <entry>64000</entry> 2491 <entry>64000</entry>
2490 </row> 2492 </row>
2491 <row> 2493 <row>
2492 <entry>$20</entry> 2494 <entry>$20</entry>
2493 <entry>$FFFE</entry> 2495 <entry>$FFFE</entry>
2494 <entry>$0</entry> 2496 <entry>$0</entry>
2495 </row> 2497 </row>
2496 <row> 2498 <row>
2497 <entry>0</entry> 2499 <entry>0</entry>
2498 <entry>&minus;12</entry> 2500 <entry>-12</entry>
2499 <entry>&minus;32768</entry> 2501 <entry>-32768</entry>
2500 </row> 2502 </row>
2501 </tbody> 2503 </tbody>
2502 </tgroup> 2504 </tgroup>
2503 </informaltable> 2505 </informaltable>
2504 2506
2742 available and the types they accept and produce. 2744 available and the types they accept and produce.
2743 "NUMERIC" refers to either BYTE, INTEGER, or REAL types. 2745 "NUMERIC" refers to either BYTE, INTEGER, or REAL types.
2744 <table frame="none"> 2746 <table frame="none">
2745 <title>&b09; Expression Operators</title> 2747 <title>&b09; Expression Operators</title>
2746 <tgroup cols="4"> 2748 <tgroup cols="4">
2747 <colspec colwidth="0.8in"> 2749 <colspec colwidth="0.8in"/>
2748 <thead> 2750 <thead>
2749 <row rowsep="1"> 2751 <row rowsep="1">
2750 <entry>Operator</entry> 2752 <entry>Operator</entry>
2751 <entry>Function</entry> 2753 <entry>Function</entry>
2752 <entry>Operand type</entry> 2754 <entry>Operand type</entry>
2753 <entry>Result type</entry> 2755 <entry>Result type</entry>
2754 </row> 2756 </row>
2755 </thead> 2757 </thead>
2756 <tbody> 2758 <tbody>
2757 <row> 2759 <row>
2758 <entry>&minus;</entry> 2760 <entry>-</entry>
2759 <entry>Negation</entry> 2761 <entry>Negation</entry>
2760 <entry>NUMERIC</entry> 2762 <entry>NUMERIC</entry>
2761 <entry>NUMERIC</entry> 2763 <entry>NUMERIC</entry>
2762 </row> 2764 </row>
2763 <row> 2765 <row>
2783 <entry>Addition</entry> 2785 <entry>Addition</entry>
2784 <entry>NUMERIC</entry> 2786 <entry>NUMERIC</entry>
2785 <entry>NUMERIC</entry> 2787 <entry>NUMERIC</entry>
2786 </row> 2788 </row>
2787 <row> 2789 <row>
2788 <entry>­</entry> 2790 <entry>-</entry>
2789 <entry>Subtraction</entry> 2791 <entry>Subtraction</entry>
2790 <entry>NUMERIC</entry> 2792 <entry>NUMERIC</entry>
2791 <entry>NUMERIC</entry> 2793 <entry>NUMERIC</entry>
2792 </row> 2794 </row>
2793 <row> 2795 <row>
2872 may be removed by the compiler. The legal operators are listed below, 2874 may be removed by the compiler. The legal operators are listed below,
2873 in precedence order from highest to lowest. 2875 in precedence order from highest to lowest.
2874 2876
2875 <informaltable frame="none"> 2877 <informaltable frame="none">
2876 <tgroup cols="7"> 2878 <tgroup cols="7">
2877 <colspec colname="c1"> 2879 <colspec colname="c1"/>
2878 <colspec colname="c2"> 2880 <colspec colname="c2"/>
2879 <colspec colname="c3"> 2881 <colspec colname="c3"/>
2880 <colspec colnum="7" colname="c7"> 2882 <colspec colnum="7" colname="c7"/>
2881 <spanspec spanname="firstop" namest="c2" nameend="c2"> 2883 <spanspec spanname="firstop" namest="c2" nameend="c2"/>
2882 <spanspec spanname="secondop" namest="c3" nameend="c7"> 2884 <spanspec spanname="secondop" namest="c3" nameend="c7"/>
2883 <spanspec spanname="onlyop" namest="c2" nameend="c7"> 2885 <spanspec spanname="onlyop" namest="c2" nameend="c7"/>
2884 <spanspec spanname="all" namest="c1" nameend="c7"> 2886 <spanspec spanname="all" namest="c1" nameend="c7"/>
2885 <tbody> 2887 <tbody>
2886 <row> 2888 <row>
2887 <entry spanname="all">Highest Precedence</entry> 2889 <entry spanname="all">Highest Precedence</entry>
2888 </row> 2890 </row>
2889 <row> 2891 <row>
2890 <entry spanname="firstop">NOT</entry> 2892 <entry spanname="firstop">NOT</entry>
2891 <entry spanname="secondop">­(negate)</entry> 2893 <entry spanname="secondop">-(negate)</entry>
2892 </row> 2894 </row>
2893 <row> 2895 <row>
2894 <entry spanname="firstop">^</entry> 2896 <entry spanname="firstop">^</entry>
2895 <entry spanname="secondop">**</entry> 2897 <entry spanname="secondop">**</entry>
2896 </row> 2898 </row>
2898 <entry spanname="firstop">*</entry> 2900 <entry spanname="firstop">*</entry>
2899 <entry spanname="secondop">/</entry> 2901 <entry spanname="secondop">/</entry>
2900 </row> 2902 </row>
2901 <row> 2903 <row>
2902 <entry spanname="firstop">+</entry> 2904 <entry spanname="firstop">+</entry>
2903 <entry spanname="secondop">­</entry> 2905 <entry spanname="secondop">-</entry>
2904 </row> 2906 </row>
2905 <row> 2907 <row>
2906 <entry spanname="firstop">></entry> 2908 <entry spanname="firstop">></entry>
2907 <entry>&lt;</entry> 2909 <entry>&lt;</entry>
2908 <entry>&lt;></entry> 2910 <entry>&lt;></entry>
2956 <row> 2958 <row>
2957 <entry>a:= b**c**d/e</entry> 2959 <entry>a:= b**c**d/e</entry>
2958 <entry>a:= (b**(c**d))/e</entry> 2960 <entry>a:= (b**(c**d))/e</entry>
2959 </row> 2961 </row>
2960 <row> 2962 <row>
2961 <entry>a:= ­(b)**2</entry> 2963 <entry>a:= -(b)**2</entry>
2962 <entry>a:= (­b)**2</entry> 2964 <entry>a:= (-b)**2</entry>
2963 </row> 2965 </row>
2964 <row> 2966 <row>
2965 <entry>a:=b=c</entry> 2967 <entry>a:=b=c</entry>
2966 <entry>a:= (b=c) (returns BOOLEAN value)</entry> 2968 <entry>a:= (b=c) (returns BOOLEAN value)</entry>
2967 </row> 2969 </row>
3007 functions is 8+ decimal digits. Angles can be either degrees or radians (see 3009 functions is 8+ decimal digits. Angles can be either degrees or radians (see
3008 DEG/RAD statement descriptions). 3010 DEG/RAD statement descriptions).
3009 3011
3010 <informaltable frame="none"> 3012 <informaltable frame="none">
3011 <tgroup cols="2"> 3013 <tgroup cols="2">
3012 <colspec colwidth="1.5in"> 3014 <colspec colwidth="1.5in"/>
3013 <tbody> 3015 <tbody>
3014 <row> 3016 <row>
3015 <entry>SIN(&lt;num>)</entry> 3017 <entry>SIN(&lt;num>)</entry>
3016 <entry>trigonometric sine of &lt;num></entry> 3018 <entry>trigonometric sine of &lt;num></entry>
3017 </row> 3019 </row>
3086 The following functions can return any numeric type, depending on the 3088 The following functions can return any numeric type, depending on the
3087 type of the input parameter(s). 3089 type of the input parameter(s).
3088 3090
3089 <informaltable frame="none"> 3091 <informaltable frame="none">
3090 <tgroup cols="2"> 3092 <tgroup cols="2">
3091 <colspec colwidth="1.5in"> 3093 <colspec colwidth="1.5in"/>
3092 <tbody> 3094 <tbody>
3093 <row> 3095 <row>
3094 <entry>ABS(&lt;num>)</entry> 3096 <entry>ABS(&lt;num>)</entry>
3095 <entry>absolute value of &lt;num></entry> 3097 <entry>absolute value of &lt;num></entry>
3096 </row> 3098 </row>
3097 <row> 3099 <row>
3098 <entry>SGN(&lt;num>)</entry> 3100 <entry>SGN(&lt;num>)</entry>
3099 <entry>signum of &lt;num>: ­1 if &lt;num> &lt; 0; 0 if &lt;num> = 0; or 1 if &lt;num> > 0</entry> 3101 <entry>signum of &lt;num>: -1 if &lt;num> &lt; 0; 0 if &lt;num> = 0; or 1 if &lt;num> > 0</entry>
3100 </row> 3102 </row>
3101 <row> 3103 <row>
3102 <entry>SQ(&lt;num>)</entry> 3104 <entry>SQ(&lt;num>)</entry>
3103 <entry>&lt;num> squared</entry> 3105 <entry>&lt;num> squared</entry>
3104 </row> 3106 </row>
3113 3115
3114 The following functions can return results of type INTEGER or BYTE: 3116 The following functions can return results of type INTEGER or BYTE:
3115 3117
3116 <informaltable frame="none"> 3118 <informaltable frame="none">
3117 <tgroup cols="2"> 3119 <tgroup cols="2">
3118 <colspec colwidth="1.5in"> 3120 <colspec colwidth="1.5in"/>
3119 <tbody> 3121 <tbody>
3120 <row> 3122 <row>
3121 <entry>FIX(&lt;num>)</entry> 3123 <entry>FIX(&lt;num>)</entry>
3122 <entry>round REAL &lt;num> and convert to type INTEGER.</entry> 3124 <entry>round REAL &lt;num> and convert to type INTEGER.</entry>
3123 </row> 3125 </row>
3166 or byte data types and return integer results. They should NOT be confused 3168 or byte data types and return integer results. They should NOT be confused
3167 with the BOOLEAN-type operators. 3169 with the BOOLEAN-type operators.
3168 3170
3169 <informaltable frame="none"> 3171 <informaltable frame="none">
3170 <tgroup cols="2"> 3172 <tgroup cols="2">
3171 <colspec colwidth="1.5in"> 3173 <colspec colwidth="1.5in"/>
3172 <tbody> 3174 <tbody>
3173 <row> 3175 <row>
3174 <entry>LAND(&lt;num>,&lt;num>)</entry> 3176 <entry>LAND(&lt;num>,&lt;num>)</entry>
3175 <entry>Logical AND</entry> 3177 <entry>Logical AND</entry>
3176 </row> 3178 </row>
3192 3194
3193 These functions return a result of type STRING: 3195 These functions return a result of type STRING:
3194 3196
3195 <informaltable frame="none"> 3197 <informaltable frame="none">
3196 <tgroup cols="2"> 3198 <tgroup cols="2">
3197 <colspec colwidth="1.7in"> 3199 <colspec colwidth="1.7in"/>
3198 <tbody> 3200 <tbody>
3199 <row> 3201 <row>
3200 <entry>CHR$(&lt;int>)</entry> 3202 <entry>CHR$(&lt;int>)</entry>
3201 <entry>ASCII char. equivalent of &lt;int></entry> 3203 <entry>ASCII char. equivalent of &lt;int></entry>
3202 </row> 3204 </row>
3233 The following functions return BOOLEAN values: 3235 The following functions return BOOLEAN values:
3234 3236
3235 3237
3236 <informaltable frame="none"> 3238 <informaltable frame="none">
3237 <tgroup cols="2"> 3239 <tgroup cols="2">
3238 <colspec colwidth="1.5in"> 3240 <colspec colwidth="1.5in"/>
3239 <tbody> 3241 <tbody>
3240 <row> 3242 <row>
3241 <entry>TRUE</entry> 3243 <entry>TRUE</entry>
3242 <entry>always returns TRUE.</entry> 3244 <entry>always returns TRUE.</entry>
3243 </row> 3245 </row>
3317 <sect2><title>LET Statement</title> 3319 <sect2><title>LET Statement</title>
3318 <para> 3320 <para>
3319 Syntax: 3321 Syntax:
3320 <cmdsynopsis> 3322 <cmdsynopsis>
3321 <command>[LET] &lt;var> := &lt;expr></command> 3323 <command>[LET] &lt;var> := &lt;expr></command>
3322 <sbr> 3324 <sbr/>
3323 <command>[LET] &lt;var> = &lt;expr></command> 3325 <command>[LET] &lt;var> = &lt;expr></command>
3324 <sbr> 3326 <sbr/>
3325 <command>[LET] &lt;struct> := &lt;struct></command> 3327 <command>[LET] &lt;struct> := &lt;struct></command>
3326 <sbr> 3328 <sbr/>
3327 <command>[LET] &lt;struct> = &lt;struct></command> 3329 <command>[LET] &lt;struct> = &lt;struct></command>
3328 </cmdsynopsis> 3330 </cmdsynopsis>
3329 3331
3330 </para> 3332 </para>
3331 <para> 3333 <para>
3434 <sect2><title>IF Statement: Type 2</title> 3436 <sect2><title>IF Statement: Type 2</title>
3435 <para> 3437 <para>
3436 Syntax: 3438 Syntax:
3437 <cmdsynopsis> 3439 <cmdsynopsis>
3438 <command>IF &lt;bool expr> THEN &lt;statements></command> 3440 <command>IF &lt;bool expr> THEN &lt;statements></command>
3439 <sbr> 3441 <sbr/>
3440 <command>[ ELSE &lt;statements> ]</command> 3442 <command>[ ELSE &lt;statements> ]</command>
3441 <sbr> 3443 <sbr/>
3442 <command>ENDIF</command> 3444 <command>ENDIF</command>
3443 </cmdsynopsis> 3445 </cmdsynopsis>
3444 This kind of IF structure evaluates the expression to a BOOLEAN 3446 This kind of IF structure evaluates the expression to a BOOLEAN
3445 value. If the result is TRUE the statement(s) immediately following 3447 value. If the result is TRUE the statement(s) immediately following
3446 the THEN are executed. If an ELSE clause exists, statements between 3448 the THEN are executed. If an ELSE clause exists, statements between
3474 <sect2><title>FOR/NEXT Statement</title> 3476 <sect2><title>FOR/NEXT Statement</title>
3475 <para> 3477 <para>
3476 Syntax: 3478 Syntax:
3477 <cmdsynopsis> 3479 <cmdsynopsis>
3478 <command>FOR &lt;var> = &lt;expr> TO &lt;expr> [ STEP &lt;expr> ]</command> 3480 <command>FOR &lt;var> = &lt;expr> TO &lt;expr> [ STEP &lt;expr> ]</command>
3479 <sbr> 3481 <sbr/>
3480 <command>NEXT &lt;var></command> 3482 <command>NEXT &lt;var></command>
3481 </cmdsynopsis> 3483 </cmdsynopsis>
3482 Creates a loop that usually executes a specified number of times 3484 Creates a loop that usually executes a specified number of times
3483 while automatically increasing or decreasing a specified counter variable. 3485 while automatically increasing or decreasing a specified counter variable.
3484 The first expression is evaluated and the result is stored in &lt;var> which 3486 The first expression is evaluated and the result is stored in &lt;var> which
3504 FOR counter = 1 to 100 step .5 3506 FOR counter = 1 to 100 step .5
3505 PRINT counter 3507 PRINT counter
3506 NEXT counter 3508 NEXT counter
3507 3509
3508 3510
3509 FOR var = min­1 TO min+max STEP increment-adjustment 3511 FOR var = min-1 TO min+max STEP increment-adjustment
3510 PRINT var 3512 PRINT var
3511 NEXT var 3513 NEXT var
3512 3514
3513 3515
3514 FOR x = 1000 TO 1 STEP ­1 3516 FOR x = 1000 TO 1 STEP -1
3515 PRINT x 3517 PRINT x
3516 NEXT x 3518 NEXT x
3517 </programlisting> 3519 </programlisting>
3518 </informalexample> 3520 </informalexample>
3519 </para></sect2> 3521 </para></sect2>
3520 <sect2><title>WHILE..DO Statement</title> 3522 <sect2><title>WHILE..DO Statement</title>
3521 <para> 3523 <para>
3522 Syntax: 3524 Syntax:
3523 <cmdsynopsis> 3525 <cmdsynopsis>
3524 <command>WHILE &lt;bool expr> DO</command> 3526 <command>WHILE &lt;bool expr> DO</command>
3525 <sbr> 3527 <sbr/>
3526 <command>ENDWHILE</command> 3528 <command>ENDWHILE</command>
3527 </cmdsynopsis> 3529 </cmdsynopsis>
3528 This is a loop construct with the test at the "top" of the 3530 This is a loop construct with the test at the "top" of the
3529 loop. Statements within the loop are executed as long as &lt;bool 3531 loop. Statements within the loop are executed as long as &lt;bool
3530 expr> is TRUE. The body of the loop will not be executed if the 3532 expr> is TRUE. The body of the loop will not be executed if the
3551 REM reverse the letters in word$ 3553 REM reverse the letters in word$
3552 backward$ := "" 3554 backward$ := ""
3553 INPUT word$ 3555 INPUT word$
3554 WHILE LEN(word$) > 0 DO 3556 WHILE LEN(word$) > 0 DO
3555 backward$ := backward$ + RIGHT$(word$,1) 3557 backward$ := backward$ + RIGHT$(word$,1)
3556 word$ := LEFT$(word$,LEN(word$)­1) 3558 word$ := LEFT$(word$,LEN(word$)-1)
3557 ENDWHILE 3559 ENDWHILE
3558 word$ := backward$ 3560 word$ := backward$
3559 PRINT word$ 3561 PRINT word$
3560 </programlisting> 3562 </programlisting>
3561 </informalexample> 3563 </informalexample>
3564 <sect2><title>REPEAT..UNTIL Statement</title> 3566 <sect2><title>REPEAT..UNTIL Statement</title>
3565 <para> 3567 <para>
3566 Syntax: 3568 Syntax:
3567 <cmdsynopsis> 3569 <cmdsynopsis>
3568 <command>REPEAT</command> 3570 <command>REPEAT</command>
3569 <sbr> 3571 <sbr/>
3570 <command>UNTIL &lt;bool expr></command> 3572 <command>UNTIL &lt;bool expr></command>
3571 </cmdsynopsis> 3573 </cmdsynopsis>
3572 This is a loop that has its test at the bottom of the loop. The 3574 This is a loop that has its test at the bottom of the loop. The
3573 statement(s) within the loop are executed until the result of &lt;bool expr> is 3575 statement(s) within the loop are executed until the result of &lt;bool expr> is
3574 TRUE. The body of the loop is always executed at least one time. 3576 TRUE. The body of the loop is always executed at least one time.
3586 (* compute factorial: n! *) 3588 (* compute factorial: n! *)
3587 temp := 1. 3589 temp := 1.
3588 INPUT "Factorial of what number? ",n 3590 INPUT "Factorial of what number? ",n
3589 REPEAT 3591 REPEAT
3590 temp := temp * n 3592 temp := temp * n
3591 n := n­1 3593 n := n-1
3592 UNTIL n &lt;= 1.0 3594 UNTIL n &lt;= 1.0
3593 PRINT "The factorial is "; temp 3595 PRINT "The factorial is "; temp
3594 </programlisting> 3596 </programlisting>
3595 </informalexample> 3597 </informalexample>
3596 </para></sect2> 3598 </para></sect2>
3597 <sect2><title>LOOP and ENDLOOP/EXITIF and ENDEXIT Statements</title> 3599 <sect2><title>LOOP and ENDLOOP/EXITIF and ENDEXIT Statements</title>
3598 <para> 3600 <para>
3599 Syntax: 3601 Syntax:
3600 <cmdsynopsis> 3602 <cmdsynopsis>
3601 <command>LOOP</command> 3603 <command>LOOP</command>
3602 <sbr> 3604 <sbr/>
3603 <command>ENDLOOP</command> 3605 <command>ENDLOOP</command>
3604 </cmdsynopsis> 3606 </cmdsynopsis>
3605 3607
3606 <cmdsynopsis> 3608 <cmdsynopsis>
3607 <command>EXITIF &lt;bool expr> THEN &lt;statements></command> 3609 <command>EXITIF &lt;bool expr> THEN &lt;statements></command>
3608 <sbr> 3610 <sbr/>
3609 <command>ENDEXIT</command> 3611 <command>ENDEXIT</command>
3610 </cmdsynopsis> 3612 </cmdsynopsis>
3611 These related types of statements can be used to construct 3613 These related types of statements can be used to construct
3612 loops with test(s) located anywhere in the body of the loop. 3614 loops with test(s) located anywhere in the body of the loop.
3613 The LOOP and ENDLOOP statements define the body of the loop. 3615 The LOOP and ENDLOOP statements define the body of the loop.
3645 LOOP 3647 LOOP
3646 PRINT 3648 PRINT
3647 EXITIF x &lt; 0 THEN 3649 EXITIF x &lt; 0 THEN
3648 PRINT "x became zero first" 3650 PRINT "x became zero first"
3649 ENDEXIT 3651 ENDEXIT
3650 x := x­1 3652 x := x-1
3651 EXITIF y &lt; 0 THEN PRINT "y became zero first" 3653 EXITIF y &lt; 0 THEN PRINT "y became zero first"
3652 ENDEXIT 3654 ENDEXIT
3653 y := y­1 3655 y := y-1
3654 ENDLOOP 3656 ENDLOOP
3655 </programlisting> 3657 </programlisting>
3656 </informalexample> 3658 </informalexample>
3657 3659
3658 </para></sect2> 3660 </para></sect2>
3678 <sect2><title>GOSUB/RETURN Statements</title> 3680 <sect2><title>GOSUB/RETURN Statements</title>
3679 <para> 3681 <para>
3680 Syntax: 3682 Syntax:
3681 <cmdsynopsis> 3683 <cmdsynopsis>
3682 <command>GOSUB &lt;line #></command> 3684 <command>GOSUB &lt;line #></command>
3683 <sbr> 3685 <sbr/>
3684 <command>RETURN</command> 3686 <command>RETURN</command>
3685 </cmdsynopsis> 3687 </cmdsynopsis>
3686 The GOSUB statement 3688 The GOSUB statement
3687 transfers program execution to a subroutine starting at the specified 3689 transfers program execution to a subroutine starting at the specified
3688 line number. The subroutine is executed until a RETURN statement is 3690 line number. The subroutine is executed until a RETURN statement is
3712 <sect2><title>ON GOTO/GOSUB Statement</title> 3714 <sect2><title>ON GOTO/GOSUB Statement</title>
3713 <para> 3715 <para>
3714 Syntax: 3716 Syntax:
3715 <cmdsynopsis> 3717 <cmdsynopsis>
3716 <command>ON &lt;int expr> GOTO &lt;line #> {,&lt;line #>}</command> 3718 <command>ON &lt;int expr> GOTO &lt;line #> {,&lt;line #>}</command>
3717 <sbr> 3719 <sbr/>
3718 <command>ON &lt;int expr> GOSUB &lt;line #> {,&lt;line #>}</command> 3720 <command>ON &lt;int expr> GOSUB &lt;line #> {,&lt;line #>}</command>
3719 </cmdsynopsis> 3721 </cmdsynopsis>
3720 These statements evaluate an integer expression and use the result to select 3722 These statements evaluate an integer expression and use the result to select
3721 a corresponding line number from an ordered list. Control is then 3723 a corresponding line number from an ordered list. Control is then
3722 transferred to that line number unconditionally in ON GOTO statements or 3724 transferred to that line number unconditionally in ON GOTO statements or
3821 <sect2><title>Run Statement</title> 3823 <sect2><title>Run Statement</title>
3822 <para> 3824 <para>
3823 Syntax: 3825 Syntax:
3824 <cmdsynopsis> 3826 <cmdsynopsis>
3825 <command>RUN &lt;proc name> [ ( &lt;param> {,&lt;param>} ) ]</command> 3827 <command>RUN &lt;proc name> [ ( &lt;param> {,&lt;param>} ) ]</command>
3826 <sbr> 3828 <sbr/>
3827 <command>RUN &lt;string var> [ ( &lt;param> {,&lt;param>} ) ]</command> 3829 <command>RUN &lt;string var> [ ( &lt;param> {,&lt;param>} ) ]</command>
3828 </cmdsynopsis> 3830 </cmdsynopsis>
3829 This statement 3831 This statement
3830 calls a procedure by name; when that procedure ends, control will pass 3832 calls a procedure by name; when that procedure ends, control will pass
3831 to the next statement after the RUN. It is most often used to call a 3833 to the next statement after the RUN. It is most often used to call a
4166 <sect2><title>CHD and CHX Statements</title> 4168 <sect2><title>CHD and CHX Statements</title>
4167 <para> 4169 <para>
4168 Syntax: 4170 Syntax:
4169 <cmdsynopsis> 4171 <cmdsynopsis>
4170 <command>CHD &lt;str expr></command> 4172 <command>CHD &lt;str expr></command>
4171 <sbr> 4173 <sbr/>
4172 <command>CHX &lt;str expr></command> 4174 <command>CHX &lt;str expr></command>
4173 </cmdsynopsis> 4175 </cmdsynopsis>
4174 These statements 4176 These statements
4175 change the current default Data or Execution directory, 4177 change the current default Data or Execution directory,
4176 respectively. The string must specify the pathlist of a file 4178 respectively. The string must specify the pathlist of a file
4181 <sect2><title>DEG and RAD Statements</title> 4183 <sect2><title>DEG and RAD Statements</title>
4182 <para> 4184 <para>
4183 Syntax: 4185 Syntax:
4184 <cmdsynopsis> 4186 <cmdsynopsis>
4185 <command>DEG</command> 4187 <command>DEG</command>
4186 <sbr> 4188 <sbr/>
4187 <command>RAD</command> 4189 <command>RAD</command>
4188 </cmdsynopsis> 4190 </cmdsynopsis>
4189 These statements 4191 These statements
4190 set the procedure's state flag to assume angles stated in 4192 set the procedure's state flag to assume angles stated in
4191 degrees or radians in SIN, COS, TAN, ACS, ASN, and ATN functions. 4193 degrees or radians in SIN, COS, TAN, ACS, ASN, and ATN functions.
4195 <sect2><title>BASE 0 and BASE 1 Statements</title> 4197 <sect2><title>BASE 0 and BASE 1 Statements</title>
4196 <para> 4198 <para>
4197 Syntax: 4199 Syntax:
4198 <cmdsynopsis> 4200 <cmdsynopsis>
4199 <command>BASE 0</command> 4201 <command>BASE 0</command>
4200 <sbr> 4202 <sbr/>
4201 <command>BASE 1</command> 4203 <command>BASE 1</command>
4202 </cmdsynopsis> 4204 </cmdsynopsis>
4203 4205
4204 These statements indicate whether a particular procedure's lowest array 4206 These statements indicate whether a particular procedure's lowest array
4205 or data structure index (subscript) is zero or one. The 4207 or data structure index (subscript) is zero or one. The
4210 <sect2><title>TRON and TROFF Statements</title> 4212 <sect2><title>TRON and TROFF Statements</title>
4211 <para> 4213 <para>
4212 Syntax: 4214 Syntax:
4213 <cmdsynopsis> 4215 <cmdsynopsis>
4214 <command>TRON</command> 4216 <command>TRON</command>
4215 <sbr> 4217 <sbr/>
4216 <command>TROFF</command> 4218 <command>TROFF</command>
4217 </cmdsynopsis> 4219 </cmdsynopsis>
4218 These statements turn the trace mode on or off, and are useful for debugging. 4220 These statements turn the trace mode on or off, and are useful for debugging.
4219 When trace mode is turned on, each statement is decompiled and printed 4221 When trace mode is turned on, each statement is decompiled and printed
4220 before execution. Also, the result of each expression evaluation is printed as 4222 before execution. Also, the result of each expression evaluation is printed as
4223 <sect2><title>Comment Statements</title> 4225 <sect2><title>Comment Statements</title>
4224 <para> 4226 <para>
4225 Syntax: 4227 Syntax:
4226 <cmdsynopsis> 4228 <cmdsynopsis>
4227 <command>REM &lt;chars></command> 4229 <command>REM &lt;chars></command>
4228 <sbr> 4230 <sbr/>
4229 <command>(* &lt;chars> [ *) ]</command> 4231 <command>(* &lt;chars> [ *) ]</command>
4230 </cmdsynopsis> 4232 </cmdsynopsis>
4231 These statements are used to put comments in programs. The second form 4233 These statements are used to put comments in programs. The second form
4232 of the statement is for compatibility with PASCAL programs. Comments 4234 of the statement is for compatibility with PASCAL programs. Comments
4233 are retained in the I-code but are removed by the PACK compile command. 4235 are retained in the I-code but are removed by the PACK compile command.
4291 <sect2><title>DIM Statement</title> 4293 <sect2><title>DIM Statement</title>
4292 <para> 4294 <para>
4293 Syntax: 4295 Syntax:
4294 <cmdsynopsis> 4296 <cmdsynopsis>
4295 <command>DIM &lt;decl seq> {; &lt;decl seq>}</command> 4297 <command>DIM &lt;decl seq> {; &lt;decl seq>}</command>
4296 <sbr> 4298 <sbr/>
4297 <command>&lt;decl seq> := &lt;decl> {, &lt;decl>} : &lt;type>}</command> 4299 <command>&lt;decl seq> := &lt;decl> {, &lt;decl>} : &lt;type>}</command>
4298 <sbr> 4300 <sbr/>
4299 <command>&lt;decl> := &lt;name> [, &lt;subscript> ]</command> 4301 <command>&lt;decl> := &lt;name> [, &lt;subscript> ]</command>
4300 <sbr> 4302 <sbr/>
4301 <command>&lt;subscr> := ( &lt;const> [,&lt;const> [,&lt;const>]] )</command> 4303 <command>&lt;subscr> := ( &lt;const> [,&lt;const> [,&lt;const>]] )</command>
4302 <sbr> 4304 <sbr/>
4303 <command>&lt;type> := BYTE | INTEGER | REAL | BOOLEAN | 4305 <command>&lt;type> := BYTE | INTEGER | REAL | BOOLEAN |
4304 STRING | STRING &lt;max len> | &lt;user defined type></command> 4306 STRING | STRING &lt;max len> | &lt;user defined type></command>
4305 <sbr> 4307 <sbr/>
4306 <command>&lt;user def> := user defined by TYPE statement</command> 4308 <command>&lt;user def> := user defined by TYPE statement</command>
4307 </cmdsynopsis> 4309 </cmdsynopsis>
4308 The DIM statement is used to declare simple variables, 4310 The DIM statement is used to declare simple variables,
4309 arrays, or complex data structures of the five 4311 arrays, or complex data structures of the five
4310 atomic types or any user-defined type. During compilation, &b09; assigns 4312 atomic types or any user-defined type. During compilation, &b09; assigns
4393 (* make a circular list *) 4395 (* make a circular list *)
4394 BASE0 4396 BASE0
4395 FOR index := 0 TO 99 4397 FOR index := 0 TO 99
4396 list(index).data := "secret message " + STR$(index) 4398 list(index).data := "secret message " + STR$(index)
4397 list(index).ptr.fwd := index+1 4399 list(index).ptr.fwd := index+1
4398 list(index).ptr.back := index­1 4400 list(index).ptr.back := index-1
4399 NEXT index 4401 NEXT index
4400 (* fix the ends *) 4402 (* fix the ends *)
4401 list(0).ptr.back := 99 4403 list(0).ptr.back := 99
4402 list(99).ptr.fwd := 0 4404 list(99).ptr.fwd := 0
4403 4405
4446 <para> 4448 <para>
4447 Syntax: 4449 Syntax:
4448 4450
4449 <cmdsynopsis> 4451 <cmdsynopsis>
4450 <command>TYPE &lt;type decl> {; &lt;type decl>}</command> 4452 <command>TYPE &lt;type decl> {; &lt;type decl>}</command>
4451 <sbr> 4453 <sbr/>
4452 <command>&lt;type decl> := &lt;field name> . &lt;decl> : &lt;type>}</command> 4454 <command>&lt;type decl> := &lt;field name> . &lt;decl> : &lt;type>}</command>
4453 <sbr> 4455 <sbr/>
4454 <command>&lt;decl> := &lt;name> [, &lt;subscript> ]</command> 4456 <command>&lt;decl> := &lt;name> [, &lt;subscript> ]</command>
4455 <sbr> 4457 <sbr/>
4456 <command>&lt;subscript> := ( &lt;const> [,&lt;const> [,&lt;const>]] )</command> 4458 <command>&lt;subscript> := ( &lt;const> [,&lt;const> [,&lt;const>]] )</command>
4457 <sbr> 4459 <sbr/>
4458 <command>&lt;type> := BYTE | INTEGER | REAL | BOOLEAN | 4460 <command>&lt;type> := BYTE | INTEGER | REAL | BOOLEAN |
4459 STRING | STRING [&lt;max len>] | &lt;user defined></command> 4461 STRING | STRING [&lt;max len>] | &lt;user defined></command>
4460 <sbr> 4462 <sbr/>
4461 <command>&lt;user defined> := user defined by TYPE statement</command> 4463 <command>&lt;user defined> := user defined by TYPE statement</command>
4462 </cmdsynopsis> 4464 </cmdsynopsis>
4463 4465
4464 This statement is used to define new data types. New data types are 4466 This statement is used to define new data types. New data types are
4465 defined as a "vector" (a one-dimensional array) of previously 4467 defined as a "vector" (a one-dimensional array) of previously
4586 I/O paths" representing &b09;'s interactive input/output (your terminal). 4588 I/O paths" representing &b09;'s interactive input/output (your terminal).
4587 These are automatically "opened" for you and should not be closed except 4589 These are automatically "opened" for you and should not be closed except
4588 in very special circumstances. The standard I/O path numbers are: 4590 in very special circumstances. The standard I/O path numbers are:
4589 <informaltable frame="none"> 4591 <informaltable frame="none">
4590 <tgroup cols="2"> 4592 <tgroup cols="2">
4591 <colspec colwidth="0.3in"> 4593 <colspec colwidth="0.3in"/>
4592 <tbody> 4594 <tbody>
4593 <row> 4595 <row>
4594 <entry>0</entry> 4596 <entry>0</entry>
4595 <entry>Standard Input (Keyboard)</entry> 4597 <entry>Standard Input (Keyboard)</entry>
4596 </row> 4598 </row>
4611 general usage. This reflects typical usage; most statements can be used 4613 general usage. This reflects typical usage; most statements can be used
4612 with any I/O device or file. Sometimes certain statements are used in 4614 with any I/O device or file. Sometimes certain statements are used in
4613 unusual ways by advanced programmers to achieve certain special effects. 4615 unusual ways by advanced programmers to achieve certain special effects.
4614 <informaltable frame="none"> 4616 <informaltable frame="none">
4615 <tgroup cols="3"> 4617 <tgroup cols="3">
4616 <colspec colwidth="0.8in"> 4618 <colspec colwidth="0.8in"/>
4617 <thead> 4619 <thead>
4618 <row> 4620 <row>
4619 <entry>Statement</entry> 4621 <entry>Statement</entry>
4620 <entry>Generally Used With</entry> 4622 <entry>Generally Used With</entry>
4621 <entry>Data Format (File Type)</entry> 4623 <entry>Data Format (File Type)</entry>
4710 </para> 4712 </para>
4711 <para> 4713 <para>
4712 If any error occurs (type mismatch, insufficient amount of data, etc.), 4714 If any error occurs (type mismatch, insufficient amount of data, etc.),
4713 the message: 4715 the message:
4714 <screen> 4716 <screen>
4715 **INPUT ERROR ­ RETYPE** 4717 **INPUT ERROR - RETYPE**
4716 </screen> 4718 </screen>
4717 is displayed, followed by a new prompt. The entire input line must 4719 is displayed, followed by a new prompt. The entire input line must
4718 then be reentered. 4720 then be reentered.
4719 </para> 4721 </para>
4720 <para> 4722 <para>
4750 <sect2><title>PRINT Statement</title> 4752 <sect2><title>PRINT Statement</title>
4751 <para> 4753 <para>
4752 Syntax: 4754 Syntax:
4753 <cmdsynopsis> 4755 <cmdsynopsis>
4754 <command>PRINT &lt;output list></command> 4756 <command>PRINT &lt;output list></command>
4755 <sbr> 4757 <sbr/>
4756 <command>PRINT #&lt;int expr>, &lt;output list></command> 4758 <command>PRINT #&lt;int expr>, &lt;output list></command>
4757 <sbr> 4759 <sbr/>
4758 <command>PRINT USING &lt;str expr>, &lt;output list></command> 4760 <command>PRINT USING &lt;str expr>, &lt;output list></command>
4759 <sbr> 4761 <sbr/>
4760 <command>PRINT #&lt;int expr>, USING &lt;str expr>, &lt;output list></command> 4762 <command>PRINT #&lt;int expr>, USING &lt;str expr>, &lt;output list></command>
4761 </cmdsynopsis> 4763 </cmdsynopsis>
4762 This statement outputs the values of the items given in the output list 4764 This statement outputs the values of the items given in the output list
4763 to the standard output device (path #1, the terminal) unless another 4765 to the standard output device (path #1, the terminal) unless another
4764 path number is specified. 4766 path number is specified.
4805 4807
4806 PRINT USING "R10.2,X2,R5.3",x,y 4808 PRINT USING "R10.2,X2,R5.3",x,y
4807 4809
4808 PRINT #outpath USING fmt$,count,value 4810 PRINT #outpath USING fmt$,count,value
4809 4811
4810 (* print an 80­character line of all dashes *) 4812 (* print an 80-character line of all dashes *)
4811 REPEAT 4813 REPEAT
4812 PRINT "­"; 4814 PRINT "-";
4813 UNTIL POS >= 80 4815 UNTIL POS >= 80
4814 PRINT 4816 PRINT
4815 </programlisting> 4817 </programlisting>
4816 </informalexample> 4818 </informalexample>
4817 4819
4819 <sect2><title>OPEN Statement</title> 4821 <sect2><title>OPEN Statement</title>
4820 <para> 4822 <para>
4821 Syntax: 4823 Syntax:
4822 <cmdsynopsis> 4824 <cmdsynopsis>
4823 <command>OPEN #&lt;int var>,"&lt;str expr>" [ : &lt;access mode> ]</command> 4825 <command>OPEN #&lt;int var>,"&lt;str expr>" [ : &lt;access mode> ]</command>
4824 <sbr> 4826 <sbr/>
4825 <command>&lt;access mode> := &lt;mode> ! &lt;mode> + &lt;access mode></command> 4827 <command>&lt;access mode> := &lt;mode> ! &lt;mode> + &lt;access mode></command>
4826 <sbr> 4828 <sbr/>
4827 <command>&lt;mode> := READ ! WRITE ! UPDATE ! EXEC ! DIR</command> 4829 <command>&lt;mode> := READ ! WRITE ! UPDATE ! EXEC ! DIR</command>
4828 </cmdsynopsis> 4830 </cmdsynopsis>
4829 This statement issues a request to OS-9 to open an I/O path to an existing 4831 This statement issues a request to OS-9 to open an I/O path to an existing
4830 file or device. The STRING expression is evaluated and passed to OS-9 as 4832 file or device. The STRING expression is evaluated and passed to OS-9 as
4831 the descriptive pathlist.The variable name specified must be DIMensioned 4833 the descriptive pathlist.The variable name specified must be DIMensioned
4869 <sect2><title>CREATE Statement</title> 4871 <sect2><title>CREATE Statement</title>
4870 <para> 4872 <para>
4871 Syntax: 4873 Syntax:
4872 <cmdsynopsis> 4874 <cmdsynopsis>
4873 <command>CREATE #&lt;int var>,"&lt;str expr>" [ : &lt;access mode> ]</command> 4875 <command>CREATE #&lt;int var>,"&lt;str expr>" [ : &lt;access mode> ]</command>
4874 <sbr> 4876 <sbr/>
4875 <command>&lt;access mode> := &lt;mode> ! &lt;mode> + &lt;access mode></command> 4877 <command>&lt;access mode> := &lt;mode> ! &lt;mode> + &lt;access mode></command>
4876 <sbr> 4878 <sbr/>
4877 <command>&lt;mode> := WRITE ! UPDATE ! EXEC</command> 4879 <command>&lt;mode> := WRITE ! UPDATE ! EXEC</command>
4878 </cmdsynopsis> 4880 </cmdsynopsis>
4879 The CREATE statement is used to create a new file on a multifile mass storage 4881 The CREATE statement is used to create a new file on a multifile mass storage
4880 device such as disk or tape. If the device is not of multifile type, 4882 device such as disk or tape. If the device is not of multifile type,
4881 this statement works like an "OPEN" statement. 4883 this statement works like an "OPEN" statement.
5010 <programlisting> 5012 <programlisting>
5011 SEEK #fileone,filptr*2 5013 SEEK #fileone,filptr*2
5012 5014
5013 SEEK #outfile,208894 5015 SEEK #outfile,208894
5014 5016
5015 SEEK #inventory,(part_num ­ 1) * SIZE(inv_rcd) 5017 SEEK #inventory,(part_num - 1) * SIZE(inv_rcd)
5016 </programlisting> 5018 </programlisting>
5017 </informalexample> 5019 </informalexample>
5018 5020
5019 </para></sect2> 5021 </para></sect2>
5020 <sect2><title>WRITE Statement</title> 5022 <sect2><title>WRITE Statement</title>
5099 <sect2><title>GET/PUT Statement</title> 5101 <sect2><title>GET/PUT Statement</title>
5100 <para> 5102 <para>
5101 Syntax: 5103 Syntax:
5102 <cmdsynopsis> 5104 <cmdsynopsis>
5103 <command>GET #&lt;expr>,&lt;struct name></command> 5105 <command>GET #&lt;expr>,&lt;struct name></command>
5104 <sbr> 5106 <sbr/>
5105 <command>PUT #&lt;expr>,&lt;struct name></command> 5107 <command>PUT #&lt;expr>,&lt;struct name></command>
5106 </cmdsynopsis> 5108 </cmdsynopsis>
5107 The GET and PUT statements read and write fixed-size binary data records 5109 The GET and PUT statements read and write fixed-size binary data records
5108 to files or devices. These are the primary I/O statements 5110 to files or devices. These are the primary I/O statements
5109 used for random access input and output. 5111 used for random access input and output.
5206 INPUT "Record number ?",recnum 5208 INPUT "Record number ?",recnum
5207 INPUT "Item name? ",work_rec.name 5209 INPUT "Item name? ",work_rec.name
5208 INPUT "List price? ",work_rec.list 5210 INPUT "List price? ",work_rec.list
5209 INPUT "Cost price? ",work_rec.cost 5211 INPUT "Cost price? ",work_rec.cost
5210 INPUT "Quantity? ",work_rec.qty 5212 INPUT "Quantity? ",work_rec.qty
5211 SEEK #path, (recnum ­ 1) * SIZE(work_rec) 5213 SEEK #path, (recnum - 1) * SIZE(work_rec)
5212 PUT #path,work_rec 5214 PUT #path,work_rec
5213 </programlisting> 5215 </programlisting>
5214 This routine below uses a loop to read the entire file into the array 5216 This routine below uses a loop to read the entire file into the array
5215 "inv_array": 5217 "inv_array":
5216 5218
5270 <sect2><title>DATA/READ/RESTORE Statements</title> 5272 <sect2><title>DATA/READ/RESTORE Statements</title>
5271 <para> 5273 <para>
5272 Syntax: 5274 Syntax:
5273 <cmdsynopsis> 5275 <cmdsynopsis>
5274 <command>READ &lt;input list></command> 5276 <command>READ &lt;input list></command>
5275 <sbr> 5277 <sbr/>
5276 <command>DATA &lt;expr> , { &lt;expr> }</command> 5278 <command>DATA &lt;expr> , { &lt;expr> }</command>
5277 <sbr> 5279 <sbr/>
5278 <command>RESTORE [ &lt;line number> ]</command> 5280 <command>RESTORE [ &lt;line number> ]</command>
5279 </cmdsynopsis> 5281 </cmdsynopsis>
5280 These statements provide an efficient way to build constant tables 5282 These statements provide an efficient way to build constant tables
5281 within a program. DATA statements provide values, the READ statement 5283 within a program. DATA statements provide values, the READ statement
5282 assign the values to variables, and RESTORE statements can be used to 5284 assign the values to variables, and RESTORE statements can be used to
5356 six basic output editing directives. Each has a corresponding one-letter 5358 six basic output editing directives. Each has a corresponding one-letter
5357 identifier: 5359 identifier:
5358 5360
5359 <informaltable frame="none"> 5361 <informaltable frame="none">
5360 <tgroup cols="2"> 5362 <tgroup cols="2">
5361 <colspec colwidth="0.6in"> 5363 <colspec colwidth="0.6in"/>
5362 <tbody> 5364 <tbody>
5363 <row> 5365 <row>
5364 <entry>R</entry> 5366 <entry>R</entry>
5365 <entry>real format</entry> 5367 <entry>real format</entry>
5366 </row> 5368 </row>
5401 <para> 5403 <para>
5402 The abbreviations and symbols used in the syntax specifications are: 5404 The abbreviations and symbols used in the syntax specifications are:
5403 5405
5404 <informaltable frame="none"> 5406 <informaltable frame="none">
5405 <tgroup cols="3"> 5407 <tgroup cols="3">
5406 <colspec colwidth="0.4in"> 5408 <colspec colwidth="0.4in"/>
5407 <tbody> 5409 <tbody>
5408 <row> 5410 <row>
5409 <entry>w</entry> 5411 <entry>w</entry>
5410 <entry>Total field width</entry> 5412 <entry>Total field width</entry>
5411 <entry>1 &lt;= w &lt;= 255</entry> 5413 <entry>1 &lt;= w &lt;= 255</entry>
5445 5447
5446 The justification modes are: 5448 The justification modes are:
5447 5449
5448 <informaltable frame="none"> 5450 <informaltable frame="none">
5449 <tgroup cols="2"> 5451 <tgroup cols="2">
5450 <colspec colwidth="0.3in"> 5452 <colspec colwidth="0.3in"/>
5451 <tbody> 5453 <tbody>
5452 <row> 5454 <row>
5453 <entry>&lt;</entry> 5455 <entry>&lt;</entry>
5454 <entry>Left justify with leading sign and trailing spaces. (default if 5456 <entry>Left justify with leading sign and trailing spaces. (default if
5455 justification mode omitted)</entry> 5457 justification mode omitted)</entry>
5472 5474
5473 <informalexample> 5475 <informalexample>
5474 <programlisting> 5476 <programlisting>
5475 PRINT USING "R8.2&lt;",5678.123 5678.12 5477 PRINT USING "R8.2&lt;",5678.123 5678.12
5476 PRINT USING "R8.2>",12.3 12.30 5478 PRINT USING "R8.2>",12.3 12.30
5477 PRINT USING "R8.2&lt;",­555.9 ­555.90 5479 PRINT USING "R8.2&lt;",-555.9 -555.90
5478 PRINT USING "10.2^",­6722.4599 6722.46­ 5480 PRINT USING "10.2^",-6722.4599 6722.46-
5479 PRINT USING "R5.1","9999999" ***** 5481 PRINT USING "R5.1","9999999" *****
5480 </programlisting> 5482 </programlisting>
5481 </informalexample> 5483 </informalexample>
5482 </para></sect2> 5484 </para></sect2>
5483 <sect2><title>Exponential Format</title> 5485 <sect2><title>Exponential Format</title>
5498 5500
5499 <informalexample> 5501 <informalexample>
5500 <programlisting> 5502 <programlisting>
5501 PRINT USING "E12.3",1234.567 1.235E+03 5503 PRINT USING "E12.3",1234.567 1.235E+03
5502 5504
5503 PRINT USING "E12.6>",­0.001234 ­1.234000E-3 5505 PRINT USING "E12.6>",-0.001234 -1.234000E-3
5504 </programlisting> 5506 </programlisting>
5505 </informalexample> 5507 </informalexample>
5506 5508
5507 </para></sect2> 5509 </para></sect2>
5508 <sect2><title>Integer Format</title> 5510 <sect2><title>Integer Format</title>
5516 The "w" field width must allow for one position overhead for the sign. 5518 The "w" field width must allow for one position overhead for the sign.
5517 The justification modes are: 5519 The justification modes are:
5518 5520
5519 <informaltable frame="none"> 5521 <informaltable frame="none">
5520 <tgroup cols="2"> 5522 <tgroup cols="2">
5521 <colspec colwidth="0.3in"> 5523 <colspec colwidth="0.3in"/>
5522 <tbody> 5524 <tbody>
5523 <row> 5525 <row>
5524 <entry>&lt;</entry> 5526 <entry>&lt;</entry>
5525 <entry>left justify with leading sign and trailing spaces (default)</entry> 5527 <entry>left justify with leading sign and trailing spaces (default)</entry>
5526 </row> 5528 </row>
5559 specification determines the number of hexadecimal characters to 5561 specification determines the number of hexadecimal characters to
5560 output. Justification modes are: 5562 output. Justification modes are:
5561 5563
5562 <informaltable frame="none"> 5564 <informaltable frame="none">
5563 <tgroup cols="2"> 5565 <tgroup cols="2">
5564 <colspec colwidth="0.3in"> 5566 <colspec colwidth="0.3in"/>
5565 <tbody> 5567 <tbody>
5566 <row> 5568 <row>
5567 <entry>&lt;</entry> 5569 <entry>&lt;</entry>
5568 <entry>left justify with trailing spaces</entry> 5570 <entry>left justify with trailing spaces</entry>
5569 </row> 5571 </row>
5583 according to type, the following specification make the most sense for 5585 according to type, the following specification make the most sense for
5584 each data type: 5586 each data type:
5585 5587
5586 <informaltable frame="none"> 5588 <informaltable frame="none">
5587 <tgroup cols="2"> 5589 <tgroup cols="2">
5588 <colspec colwidth="0.5in"> 5590 <colspec colwidth="0.5in"/>
5589 <tbody> 5591 <tbody>
5590 <row> 5592 <row>
5591 <entry>H2</entry> 5593 <entry>H2</entry>
5592 <entry>boolean, byte (one byte)</entry> 5594 <entry>boolean, byte (one byte)</entry>
5593 </row> 5595 </row>
5634 justification mode. If it is too long, it will be truncated on the right side. 5636 justification mode. If it is too long, it will be truncated on the right side.
5635 The format specifications are: 5637 The format specifications are:
5636 5638
5637 <informaltable frame="none"> 5639 <informaltable frame="none">
5638 <tgroup cols="2"> 5640 <tgroup cols="2">
5639 <colspec colwidth="0.3in"> 5641 <colspec colwidth="0.3in"/>
5640 <tbody> 5642 <tbody>
5641 <row> 5643 <row>
5642 <entry>&lt;</entry> 5644 <entry>&lt;</entry>
5643 <entry>Left justify (default if mode omitted)</entry> 5645 <entry>Left justify (default if mode omitted)</entry>
5644 </row> 5646 </row>
5684 line. They are not matched with items in the output list and can be used 5686 line. They are not matched with items in the output list and can be used
5685 freely. The control formats are 5687 freely. The control formats are
5686 5688
5687 <informaltable frame="none"> 5689 <informaltable frame="none">
5688 <tgroup cols="2"> 5690 <tgroup cols="2">
5689 <colspec colwidth="0.5in"> 5691 <colspec colwidth="0.5in"/>
5690 <tbody> 5692 <tbody>
5691 <row> 5693 <row>
5692 <entry>Tn</entry> 5694 <entry>Tn</entry>
5693 <entry>Tab to column n</entry> 5695 <entry>Tab to column n</entry>
5694 </row> 5696 </row>
5780 <para> 5782 <para>
5781 Because &b09; includes several different numeric representations 5783 Because &b09; includes several different numeric representations
5782 (i.e., REAL, INTEGER, and BYTE) and does "automatic type conversions" 5784 (i.e., REAL, INTEGER, and BYTE) and does "automatic type conversions"
5783 between them, it is easy to write expressions or loops that take at 5785 between them, it is easy to write expressions or loops that take at
5784 least ten times longer to execute than is necessary. Some particular 5786 least ten times longer to execute than is necessary. Some particular
5785 &b09; numeric operators (+, ­, *, /) and control structures (FOR..NEXT) 5787 &b09; numeric operators (+, -, *, /) and control structures (FOR..NEXT)
5786 include versions for both REAL and INTEGER values. The INTEGER versions, 5788 include versions for both REAL and INTEGER values. The INTEGER versions,
5787 off course, are much faster and may have slightly different properties 5789 off course, are much faster and may have slightly different properties
5788 (e.g., INTEGER divides discard any remainder). Type conversions takes 5790 (e.g., INTEGER divides discard any remainder). Type conversions takes
5789 time so expressions whose operands and operators are of the same type 5791 time so expressions whose operands and operators are of the same type
5790 are more efficient. 5792 are more efficient.
5819 it is to be assigned to a variable of that type. Thus a single decimal 5821 it is to be assigned to a variable of that type. Thus a single decimal
5820 point will slow this particular operation down by about ten times! 5822 point will slow this particular operation down by about ten times!
5821 <table frame="none"> 5823 <table frame="none">
5822 <title>Arithmetic Functions Ranked by Speed</title> 5824 <title>Arithmetic Functions Ranked by Speed</title>
5823 <tgroup cols="2"> 5825 <tgroup cols="2">
5824 <colspec colwidth="3in"> 5826 <colspec colwidth="3in"/>
5825 <colspec colwidth="2in"> 5827 <colspec colwidth="2in"/>
5826 <thead> 5828 <thead>
5827 <row> 5829 <row>
5828 <entry>Operation</entry> 5830 <entry>Operation</entry>
5829 <entry>Typical Speed (MPU Cycles)</entry> 5831 <entry>Typical Speed (MPU Cycles)</entry>
5830 </row> 5832 </row>
6002 </programlisting> 6004 </programlisting>
6003 6005
6004 <programlisting> 6006 <programlisting>
6005 PROCEDURE fractions 6007 PROCEDURE fractions
6006 REM by T.F. Ritter 6008 REM by T.F. Ritter
6007 REM finds increasingly­close rational approximations 6009 REM finds increasingly-close rational approximations
6008 REM to the desired real value 6010 REM to the desired real value
6009 DIM m:INTEGER 6011 DIM m:INTEGER
6010 6012
6011 desired:=PI 6013 desired:=PI
6012 last:=0 6014 last:=0
6013 6015
6014 FOR m=1 TO 30000 6016 FOR m=1 TO 30000
6015 n:=INT(.5+m*desired) 6017 n:=INT(.5+m*desired)
6016 trial:=n/m 6018 trial:=n/m
6017 IF ABS(trial­desired)&lt;ABS(last­desired) THEN 6019 IF ABS(trial-desired)&lt;ABS(last-desired) THEN
6018 PRINT n; "/"; m; " = "; trial, 6020 PRINT n; "/"; m; " = "; trial,
6019 PRINT "difference = "; trial­desired; 6021 PRINT "difference = "; trial-desired;
6020 PRINT 6022 PRINT
6021 last:=trial 6023 last:=trial
6022 ENDIF 6024 ENDIF
6023 NEXT m 6025 NEXT m
6024 </programlisting> 6026 </programlisting>
6028 REM by T.F. Ritter 6030 REM by T.F. Ritter
6029 REM prints the integer parameter value in binary 6031 REM prints the integer parameter value in binary
6030 PARAM n:INTEGER 6032 PARAM n:INTEGER
6031 DIM i:INTEGER 6033 DIM i:INTEGER
6032 6034
6033 FOR i=15 TO 0 STEP ­1 6035 FOR i=15 TO 0 STEP -1
6034 IF n&lt;0 THEN 6036 IF n&lt;0 THEN
6035 PRINT "1"; 6037 PRINT "1";
6036 ELSE PRINT "0"; 6038 ELSE PRINT "0";
6037 ENDIF 6039 ENDIF
6038 n:=n+n 6040 n:=n+n
6051 PARAM n:INTEGER; from,to_,other:STRING[8] 6053 PARAM n:INTEGER; from,to_,other:STRING[8]
6052 6054
6053 IF n=1 THEN 6055 IF n=1 THEN
6054 PRINT "move #"; n; " from "; from; " to "; to_ 6056 PRINT "move #"; n; " from "; from; " to "; to_
6055 ELSE 6057 ELSE
6056 RUN hanoi(n­1,from,other,to_) 6058 RUN hanoi(n-1,from,other,to_)
6057 PRINT "move #"; n; " from "; from; " to "; to_ 6059 PRINT "move #"; n; " from "; from; " to "; to_
6058 RUN hanoi(n­1,other,to_,from) 6060 RUN hanoi(n-1,other,to_,from)
6059 ENDIF 6061 ENDIF
6060 6062
6061 END 6063 END
6062 </programlisting> 6064 </programlisting>
6063 6065
6076 READ value 6078 READ value
6077 READ svalu 6079 READ svalu
6078 6080
6079 WHILE x>=value DO 6081 WHILE x>=value DO
6080 PRINT MID$(char,i,1); 6082 PRINT MID$(char,i,1);
6081 x:=x­value 6083 x:=x-value
6082 ENDWHILE 6084 ENDWHILE
6083 6085
6084 IF x>=value­svalu THEN 6086 IF x>=value-svalu THEN
6085 PRINT MID$(subs,i,1); MID$(char,i,1); 6087 PRINT MID$(subs,i,1); MID$(char,i,1);
6086 x:=x­value+svalu 6088 x:=x-value+svalu
6087 ENDIF 6089 ENDIF
6088 6090
6089 NEXT i 6091 NEXT i
6090 END 6092 END
6091 </programlisting> 6093 </programlisting>
6092 6094
6093 <programlisting> 6095 <programlisting>
6094 PROCEDURE eightqueens 6096 PROCEDURE eightqueens
6095 REM originally by N. Wirth; here re­coded from Pascal 6097 REM originally by N. Wirth; here re-coded from Pascal
6096 REM finds the arrangements by which eight queens 6098 REM finds the arrangements by which eight queens
6097 REM can be placed on a chess board without conflict 6099 REM can be placed on a chess board without conflict
6098 DIM n,k,x(8):INTEGER 6100 DIM n,k,x(8):INTEGER
6099 DIM col(8),up(15),down(15):BOOLEAN 6101 DIM col(8),up(15),down(15):BOOLEAN
6100 BASE 0 6102 BASE 0
6111 PARAM col(8),up(15),down(15):BOOLEAN 6113 PARAM col(8),up(15),down(15):BOOLEAN
6112 DIM h,k:INTEGER \h:=0 6114 DIM h,k:INTEGER \h:=0
6113 BASE 0 6115 BASE 0
6114 6116
6115 REPEAT 6117 REPEAT
6116 IF col(h) AND up(n­h+7) AND down(n+h) THEN 6118 IF col(h) AND up(n-h+7) AND down(n+h) THEN
6117 (* set queen on square [n,h] *) 6119 (* set queen on square [n,h] *)
6118 x(n):=h 6120 x(n):=h
6119 col(h):=FALSE \up(n­h+7):=FALSE \down(n+h) := FALSE 6121 col(h):=FALSE \up(n-h+7):=FALSE \down(n+h) := FALSE
6120 n:=n+1 6122 n:=n+1
6121 IF n=8 THEN 6123 IF n=8 THEN
6122 (* board full; print configuration *) 6124 (* board full; print configuration *)
6123 FOR k=0 TO 7 6125 FOR k=0 TO 7
6124 PRINT x(k); " "; 6126 PRINT x(k); " ";
6126 PRINT 6128 PRINT
6127 ELSE RUN generate(n,x,col,up,down) 6129 ELSE RUN generate(n,x,col,up,down)
6128 ENDIF 6130 ENDIF
6129 6131
6130 (* remove queen from square [n,h] *) 6132 (* remove queen from square [n,h] *)
6131 n:=n­1 6133 n:=n-1
6132 col(h):=TRUE \up(n­h+7):=TRUE \down(n+h):=TRUE 6134 col(h):=TRUE \up(n-h+7):=TRUE \down(n+h):=TRUE
6133 ENDIF 6135 ENDIF
6134 h:=h+1 6136 h:=h+1
6135 UNTIL h=8 6137 UNTIL h=8
6136 END 6138 END
6137 </programlisting> 6139 </programlisting>
6138 6140
6139 <programlisting> 6141 <programlisting>
6140 PROCEDURE electric 6142 PROCEDURE electric
6141 REM re­programmed from "ELECTRIC" 6143 REM re-programmed from "ELECTRIC"
6142 REM by Dwyer and Critchfield 6144 REM by Dwyer and Critchfield
6143 REM Basic and the Personal Computer (Addison­Wesley, 1978) 6145 REM Basic and the Personal Computer (Addison-Wesley, 1978)
6144 REM provides a pictorial representation of the 6146 REM provides a pictorial representation of the
6145 REM resultant electrical field around charged points 6147 REM resultant electrical field around charged points
6146 DIM a(10),b(10),c(10) 6148 DIM a(10),b(10),c(10)
6147 DIM x,y,i,j:INTEGER 6149 DIM x,y,i,j:INTEGER
6148 xscale:=50./78. 6150 xscale:=50./78.
6149 yscale:=50./32. 6151 yscale:=50./32.
6150 6152
6151 INPUT "How many charges do you have? ",n 6153 INPUT "How many charges do you have? ",n
6152 PRINT "The field of view is 0­50,0­50 (x,y)" 6154 PRINT "The field of view is 0-50,0-50 (x,y)"
6153 FOR i=1 TO n 6155 FOR i=1 TO n
6154 PRINT "type in the x and y positions of charge "; 6156 PRINT "type in the x and y positions of charge ";
6155 PRINT i; 6157 PRINT i;
6156 INPUT a(i),b(i) 6158 INPUT a(i),b(i)
6157 NEXT i 6159 NEXT i
6160 PRINT "charge "; i; 6162 PRINT "charge "; i;
6161 INPUT c(i) 6163 INPUT c(i)
6162 NEXT i 6164 NEXT i
6163 6165
6164 REM visit each screen position 6166 REM visit each screen position
6165 FOR y=32 TO 0 STEP ­1 6167 FOR y=32 TO 0 STEP -1
6166 FOR x=0 TO 78 6168 FOR x=0 TO 78
6167 REM compute field strength into v 6169 REM compute field strength into v
6168 GOSUB 10 6170 GOSUB 10
6169 z:=v*50. 6171 z:=v*50.
6170 REM map z to valid ASCII in b$ 6172 REM map z to valid ASCII in b$
6176 NEXT y 6178 NEXT y
6177 END 6179 END
6178 6180
6179 10 v=1. 6181 10 v=1.
6180 FOR i=1 TO n 6182 FOR i=1 TO n
6181 r:=SQRT(SQ(xscale*x­a(i))+SQ(yscale*y­b(i))) 6183 r:=SQRT(SQ(xscale*x-a(i))+SQ(yscale*y-b(i)))
6182 EXITIF r=.0 THEN 6184 EXITIF r=.0 THEN
6183 v:=99999. 6185 v:=99999.
6184 ENDEXIT 6186 ENDEXIT
6185 v:=v+c(i)/r 6187 v:=v+c(i)/r
6186 NEXT i 6188 NEXT i
6208 6210
6209 n:=bot 6211 n:=bot
6210 m:=top 6212 m:=top
6211 6213
6212 LOOP \REM each element gets the once over 6214 LOOP \REM each element gets the once over
6213 REPEAT \REM this is a post­inc instruction 6215 REPEAT \REM this is a post-inc instruction
6214 btemp:=d(n)&lt;d(top) 6216 btemp:=d(n)&lt;d(top)
6215 n:=n+1 6217 n:=n+1
6216 UNTIL NOT (btemp) 6218 UNTIL NOT (btemp)
6217 n:=n­1 \REM point at the tested element 6219 n:=n-1 \REM point at the tested element
6218 EXITIF n=m THEN 6220 EXITIF n=m THEN
6219 ENDEXIT 6221 ENDEXIT
6220 6222
6221 REPEAT \REM this is a post­dec instruction 6223 REPEAT \REM this is a post-dec instruction
6222 m:=m­1 6224 m:=m-1
6223 UNTIL d(m)&lt;=d(top) OR m=n 6225 UNTIL d(m)&lt;=d(top) OR m=n
6224 EXITIF n=m THEN 6226 EXITIF n=m THEN
6225 ENDEXIT 6227 ENDEXIT
6226 6228
6227 RUN exchange(d(m),d(n)) 6229 RUN exchange(d(m),d(n))
6228 n:=n+1 \REM prepare for post­inc 6230 n:=n+1 \REM prepare for post-inc
6229 EXITIF n=m THEN 6231 EXITIF n=m THEN
6230 ENDEXIT 6232 ENDEXIT
6231 6233
6232 ENDLOOP 6234 ENDLOOP
6233 6235
6235 IF d(n)&lt;>d(top) THEN 6237 IF d(n)&lt;>d(top) THEN
6236 RUN exchange(d(n),d(top)) 6238 RUN exchange(d(n),d(top))
6237 ENDIF 6239 ENDIF
6238 ENDIF 6240 ENDIF
6239 6241
6240 IF bot&lt;n­1 THEN 6242 IF bot&lt;n-1 THEN
6241 RUN qsort1(bot,n­1,d) 6243 RUN qsort1(bot,n-1,d)
6242 ENDIF 6244 ENDIF
6243 IF n+1&lt;top THEN 6245 IF n+1&lt;top THEN
6244 RUN qsort1(n+1,top,d) 6246 RUN qsort1(n+1,top,d)
6245 ENDIF 6247 ENDIF
6246 6248
6352 REM print a byte as binary 6354 REM print a byte as binary
6353 PARAM n: INTEGER 6355 PARAM n: INTEGER
6354 DIM i: INTEGER 6356 DIM i: INTEGER
6355 6357
6356 n:= n*256 6358 n:= n*256
6357 FOR i = 7 TO 0 STEP ­1 6359 FOR i = 7 TO 0 STEP -1
6358 IF n &lt; 0 THEN PRINT "1"; 6360 IF n &lt; 0 THEN PRINT "1";
6359 ELSE PRINT "0"; 6361 ELSE PRINT "0";
6360 ENDIF 6362 ENDIF
6361 n:= n + 1 6363 n:= n + 1
6362 NEXT i 6364 NEXT i
6379 REM a+b=>c:five_integer_number (T.F. Ritter) 6381 REM a+b=>c:five_integer_number (T.F. Ritter)
6380 PARAM a(5),b(5),c(5):INTEGER 6382 PARAM a(5),b(5),c(5):INTEGER
6381 DIM i,carry:INTEGER 6383 DIM i,carry:INTEGER
6382 6384
6383 carry:=0 6385 carry:=0
6384 FOR i=5 TO 1 STEP ­1 6386 FOR i=5 TO 1 STEP -1
6385 c(i):=a(i)+b(i)+carry 6387 c(i):=a(i)+b(i)+carry
6386 IF c(i)>=10000 THEN 6388 IF c(i)>=10000 THEN
6387 c(i):=c(i)­10000 6389 c(i):=c(i)-10000
6388 carry:=1 6390 carry:=1
6389 ELSE carry:=0 6391 ELSE carry:=0
6390 ENDIF 6392 ENDIF
6391 NEXT i 6393 NEXT i
6392 </programlisting> 6394 </programlisting>
6396 PROCEDURE mpsub 6398 PROCEDURE mpsub
6397 PARAM a(5),b(5),c(5):INTEGER 6399 PARAM a(5),b(5),c(5):INTEGER
6398 DIM i,borrow:INTEGER 6400 DIM i,borrow:INTEGER
6399 6401
6400 borrow:=0 6402 borrow:=0
6401 FOR i=5 TO 1 STEP ­1 6403 FOR i=5 TO 1 STEP -1
6402 c(i):=a(i)­b(i)­borrow 6404 c(i):=a(i)-b(i)-borrow
6403 IF c(i)&lt;0 THEN 6405 IF c(i)&lt;0 THEN
6404 c(i):=c(i)+10000 6406 c(i):=c(i)+10000
6405 borrow:=1 6407 borrow:=1
6406 ELSE borrow:=0 6408 ELSE borrow:=0
6407 ENDIF 6409 ENDIF
6425 <programlisting> 6427 <programlisting>
6426 PROCEDURE mpinput 6428 PROCEDURE mpinput
6427 PARAM a(5):INTEGER 6429 PARAM a(5):INTEGER
6428 DIM n,i:INTEGER 6430 DIM n,i:INTEGER
6429 6431
6430 INPUT "input ultra­precision number: ",b$ 6432 INPUT "input ultra-precision number: ",b$
6431 n:=SUBSTR(".",b$) 6433 n:=SUBSTR(".",b$)
6432 6434
6433 IF n&lt;>0 THEN 6435 IF n&lt;>0 THEN
6434 a(5):=VAL(MID$(b$+"0000",n+1,4)) 6436 a(5):=VAL(MID$(b$+"0000",n+1,4))
6435 b$:=LEFT$(b$,n­1) 6437 b$:=LEFT$(b$,n-1)
6436 ELSE a(5):=0 6438 ELSE a(5):=0
6437 ENDIF 6439 ENDIF
6438 6440
6439 b$:="00000000000000000000"+b$ 6441 b$:="00000000000000000000"+b$
6440 n:=1+LEN(b$) 6442 n:=1+LEN(b$)
6441 FOR i=4 TO 1 STEP ­1 6443 FOR i=4 TO 1 STEP -1
6442 n:=n­4 6444 n:=n-4
6443 a(i):=VAL(MID$(b$,n,4)) 6445 a(i):=VAL(MID$(b$,n,4))
6444 NEXT i 6446 NEXT i
6445 </programlisting> 6447 </programlisting>
6446 6448
6447 <programlisting> 6449 <programlisting>
6481 ENDEXIT 6483 ENDEXIT
6482 EXITIF rewrite="S" OR rewrite="s" THEN ENDEXIT 6484 EXITIF rewrite="S" OR rewrite="s" THEN ENDEXIT
6483 offset=VAL(rewrite)+1 6485 offset=VAL(rewrite)+1
6484 LOOP 6486 LOOP
6485 EXITIF offset>256 THEN ENDEXIT 6487 EXITIF offset>256 THEN ENDEXIT
6486 modloc=loc+offset­1 6488 modloc=loc+offset-1
6487 PRINT USING "h4,' ­ ',h2",modloc,buffer(offset); 6489 PRINT USING "h4,' - ',h2",modloc,buffer(offset);
6488 INPUT ":",rewrite 6490 INPUT ":",rewrite
6489 EXITIF rewrite="" THEN ENDEXIT 6491 EXITIF rewrite="" THEN ENDEXIT
6490 IF rewrite&lt;>" " THEN 6492 IF rewrite&lt;>" " THEN
6491 buffer(offset)=VAL(rewrite) 6493 buffer(offset)=VAL(rewrite)
6492 ENDIF 6494 ENDIF
6506 (* Called by PATCH *) 6508 (* Called by PATCH *)
6507 TYPE buffer=char(8):INTEGER 6509 TYPE buffer=char(8):INTEGER
6508 PARAM loc:REAL; line(16):buffer 6510 PARAM loc:REAL; line(16):buffer
6509 DIM i,j:INTEGER 6511 DIM i,j:INTEGER
6510 WHILE loc>65535. DO 6512 WHILE loc>65535. DO
6511 loc=loc­65536. 6513 loc=loc-65536.
6512 ENDWHILE 6514 ENDWHILE
6513 FOR j=1 TO 16 6515 FOR j=1 TO 16
6514 PRINT USING "h4",FIX(INT(loc))+(j­1)*16; 6516 PRINT USING "h4",FIX(INT(loc))+(j-1)*16;
6515 PRINT ":"; 6517 PRINT ":";
6516 FOR i=1 TO 8 6518 FOR i=1 TO 8
6517 PRINT USING "X1,H4",line(j).char(i); 6519 PRINT USING "X1,H4",line(j).char(i);
6518 NEXT i 6520 NEXT i
6519 RUN printascii(line(j)) 6521 RUN printascii(line(j))
6526 DIM ascii:STRING; nextchar:BYTE; i:INTEGER 6528 DIM ascii:STRING; nextchar:BYTE; i:INTEGER
6527 ascii="" 6529 ascii=""
6528 FOR i=1 TO 16 6530 FOR i=1 TO 16
6529 nextchar=line.char(i) 6531 nextchar=line.char(i)
6530 IF nextchar>127 THEN 6532 IF nextchar>127 THEN
6531 nextchar=nextchar­128 6533 nextchar=nextchar-128
6532 ENDIF 6534 ENDIF
6533 IF nextchar&lt;32 OR nextchar>125 THEN 6535 IF nextchar&lt;32 OR nextchar>125 THEN
6534 ascii=ascii+" " 6536 ascii=ascii+" "
6535 ELSE 6537 ELSE
6536 ascii=ascii+CHR$(nextchar) 6538 ascii=ascii+CHR$(nextchar)
6539 PRINT " "; ascii; 6541 PRINT " "; ascii;
6540 </programlisting> 6542 </programlisting>
6541 6543
6542 <programlisting> 6544 <programlisting>
6543 PROCEDURE MakeProc 6545 PROCEDURE MakeProc
6544 (* Generates an OS­9 command file to apply a command *) 6546 (* Generates an OS-9 command file to apply a command *)
6545 (* Such as copy, del, etc., to all files in a directory *) 6547 (* Such as copy, del, etc., to all files in a directory *)
6546 (* or directory system. Author: L. Crane *) 6548 (* or directory system. Author: L. Crane *)
6547 6549
6548 DIM DirPath,ProcPath,i,j,k:INTEGER 6550 DIM DirPath,ProcPath,i,j,k:INTEGER
6549 DIM CopyAll,CopyFile:BOOLEAN 6551 DIM CopyAll,CopyFile:BOOLEAN
6592 Options=TRIM$(response) 6594 Options=TRIM$(response)
6593 ENDIF 6595 ENDIF
6594 INPUT "Destination Directory? ",DestDir 6596 INPUT "Destination Directory? ",DestDir
6595 DestDir=TRIM$(DestDir) 6597 DestDir=TRIM$(DestDir)
6596 WRITE #ProcPath,"t" 6598 WRITE #ProcPath,"t"
6597 WRITE #ProcPath,"TMode .1 ­pause" 6599 WRITE #ProcPath,"TMode .1 -pause"
6598 READ #DirPath,DirLine 6600 READ #DirPath,DirLine
6599 INPUT "Use all files? ",response 6601 INPUT "Use all files? ",response
6600 CopyAll=response="y" OR response="Y" 6602 CopyAll=response="y" OR response="Y"
6601 WHILE NOT(EOF(#DirPath)) DO 6603 WHILE NOT(EOF(#DirPath)) DO
6602 READ #DirPath,DirLine 6604 READ #DirPath,DirLine
6606 REPEAT 6608 REPEAT
6607 k=j 6609 k=j
6608 WHILE j&lt;=i AND MID$(DirLine,j,1)&lt;>" " DO 6610 WHILE j&lt;=i AND MID$(DirLine,j,1)&lt;>" " DO
6609 j=j+1 6611 j=j+1
6610 ENDWHILE 6612 ENDWHILE
6611 FileName=MID$(DirLine,k,j­k) 6613 FileName=MID$(DirLine,k,j-k)
6612 IF NOT(CopyAll) THEN 6614 IF NOT(CopyAll) THEN
6613 PRINT "Use "; FileName; 6615 PRINT "Use "; FileName;
6614 INPUT response 6616 INPUT response
6615 CopyFile=response="y" OR response="Y" 6617 CopyFile=response="y" OR response="Y"
6616 ENDIF 6618 ENDIF
7178 </table> 7180 </table>
7179 7181
7180 <table frame="none"> 7182 <table frame="none">
7181 <title>Operator Precedence</title> 7183 <title>Operator Precedence</title>
7182 <tgroup cols="7"> 7184 <tgroup cols="7">
7183 <colspec colname="c1"> 7185 <colspec colname="c1"/>
7184 <colspec colname="c2"> 7186 <colspec colname="c2"/>
7185 <colspec colname="c3"> 7187 <colspec colname="c3"/>
7186 <colspec colnum="7" colname="c7"> 7188 <colspec colnum="7" colname="c7"/>
7187 <spanspec spanname="firstop" namest="c2" nameend="c2"> 7189 <spanspec spanname="firstop" namest="c2" nameend="c2"/>
7188 <spanspec spanname="secondop" namest="c3" nameend="c7"> 7190 <spanspec spanname="secondop" namest="c3" nameend="c7"/>
7189 <spanspec spanname="onlyop" namest="c2" nameend="c7"> 7191 <spanspec spanname="onlyop" namest="c2" nameend="c7"/>
7190 <spanspec spanname="all" namest="c1" nameend="c7"> 7192 <spanspec spanname="all" namest="c1" nameend="c7"/>
7191 <tbody> 7193 <tbody>
7192 <row> 7194 <row>
7193 <entry>highest -></entry> 7195 <entry>highest -></entry>
7194 <entry spanname="firstop">NOT</entry> 7196 <entry spanname="firstop">NOT</entry>
7195 <entry spanname="secondop">­(negate)</entry> 7197 <entry spanname="secondop">-(negate)</entry>
7196 </row> 7198 </row>
7197 <row> 7199 <row>
7198 <entry spanname="firstop">^</entry> 7200 <entry spanname="firstop">^</entry>
7199 <entry spanname="secondop">**</entry> 7201 <entry spanname="secondop">**</entry>
7200 </row> 7202 </row>
7202 <entry spanname="firstop">*</entry> 7204 <entry spanname="firstop">*</entry>
7203 <entry spanname="secondop">/</entry> 7205 <entry spanname="secondop">/</entry>
7204 </row> 7206 </row>
7205 <row> 7207 <row>
7206 <entry spanname="firstop">+</entry> 7208 <entry spanname="firstop">+</entry>
7207 <entry spanname="secondop">­</entry> 7209 <entry spanname="secondop">-</entry>
7208 </row> 7210 </row>
7209 <row> 7211 <row>
7210 <entry spanname="firstop">></entry> 7212 <entry spanname="firstop">></entry>
7211 <entry>&lt;</entry> 7213 <entry>&lt;</entry>
7212 <entry>&lt;></entry> 7214 <entry>&lt;></entry>
7231 </appendix> 7233 </appendix>
7232 <appendix> 7234 <appendix>
7233 <title>&b09; Error Codes</title> 7235 <title>&b09; Error Codes</title>
7234 <para> 7236 <para>
7235 <literallayout> 7237 <literallayout>
7236 10 ­ Unrecognized Symbol 7238 10 - Unrecognized Symbol
7237 11 ­ Excessive Verbage (too many keywords or symbols) 7239 11 - Excessive Verbage (too many keywords or symbols)
7238 12 ­ Illegal Statement Construction 7240 12 - Illegal Statement Construction
7239 13 ­ I-code Overflow (need more workspace memory) 7241 13 - I-code Overflow (need more workspace memory)
7240 14 ­ Illegal Channel Reference (bad path number given) 7242 14 - Illegal Channel Reference (bad path number given)
7241 15 ­ Illegal Mode (Read/Write/Update/Dir only) 7243 15 - Illegal Mode (Read/Write/Update/Dir only)
7242 16 ­ Illegal Number 7244 16 - Illegal Number
7243 17 ­ Illegal Prefix 7245 17 - Illegal Prefix
7244 18 ­ Illegal Operand 7246 18 - Illegal Operand
7245 19 ­ Illegal Operator 7247 19 - Illegal Operator
7246 7248
7247 20 ­ Illegal Record Field Name 7249 20 - Illegal Record Field Name
7248 21 ­ Illegal Dimension 7250 21 - Illegal Dimension
7249 22 ­ Illegal Literal 7251 22 - Illegal Literal
7250 23 ­ Illegal Relational 7252 23 - Illegal Relational
7251 24 ­ Illegal Type Suffix 7253 24 - Illegal Type Suffix
7252 25 ­ Too-Large Dimension 7254 25 - Too-Large Dimension
7253 26 ­ Too-Large Line Number 7255 26 - Too-Large Line Number
7254 27 ­ Missing Assignment Statement 7256 27 - Missing Assignment Statement
7255 28 ­ Missing Path Number 7257 28 - Missing Path Number
7256 29 ­ Missing Comma 7258 29 - Missing Comma
7257 7259
7258 30 ­ Missing Dimension 7260 30 - Missing Dimension
7259 31 ­ Missing DO Statement 7261 31 - Missing DO Statement
7260 32 ­ Memory Full (need more workspace memory) 7262 32 - Memory Full (need more workspace memory)
7261 33 ­ Missing GOTO 7263 33 - Missing GOTO
7262 34 ­ Missing Left Parenthesis 7264 34 - Missing Left Parenthesis
7263 35 ­ Missing Line Reference 7265 35 - Missing Line Reference
7264 36 ­ Missing Operand 7266 36 - Missing Operand
7265 37 ­ Missing Right Parenthesis 7267 37 - Missing Right Parenthesis
7266 38 ­ Missing THEN statement 7268 38 - Missing THEN statement
7267 39 ­ Missing TO 7269 39 - Missing TO
7268 7270
7269 40 ­ Missing Variable Reference 7271 40 - Missing Variable Reference
7270 41 ­ No Ending Quote 7272 41 - No Ending Quote
7271 42 ­ Too Many Subscripts 7273 42 - Too Many Subscripts
7272 43 ­ Unknown Procedure 7274 43 - Unknown Procedure
7273 44 ­ Multiply-Defined Procedure 7275 44 - Multiply-Defined Procedure
7274 45 ­ Divide by Zero 7276 45 - Divide by Zero
7275 46 ­ Operand Type Mismatch 7277 46 - Operand Type Mismatch
7276 47 ­ String Stack Overflow 7278 47 - String Stack Overflow
7277 48 ­ Unimplemented Routine 7279 48 - Unimplemented Routine
7278 49 ­ Undefined Variable 7280 49 - Undefined Variable
7279 7281
7280 50 ­ Floating Overflow 7282 50 - Floating Overflow
7281 51 ­ Line with Compiler Error 7283 51 - Line with Compiler Error
7282 52 ­ Value out of Range for Destination 7284 52 - Value out of Range for Destination
7283 53 ­ Subroutine Stack Overflow 7285 53 - Subroutine Stack Overflow
7284 54 ­ Subroutine Stack Underflow 7286 54 - Subroutine Stack Underflow
7285 55 ­ Subscript out of Range 7287 55 - Subscript out of Range
7286 56 ­ Parameter Error 7288 56 - Parameter Error
7287 57 ­ System Stack Overflow 7289 57 - System Stack Overflow
7288 58 ­ I/O Type Mismatch 7290 58 - I/O Type Mismatch
7289 59 ­ I/O Numeric Input Format Bad 7291 59 - I/O Numeric Input Format Bad
7290 7292
7291 60 ­ I/O Conversion: Number out of Range 7293 60 - I/O Conversion: Number out of Range
7292 61 ­ Illegal Input Format 7294 61 - Illegal Input Format
7293 62 ­ I/O Format Repeat Error 7295 62 - I/O Format Repeat Error
7294 63 ­ I/O Format Syntax Error 7296 63 - I/O Format Syntax Error
7295 64 ­ Illegal Path Number 7297 64 - Illegal Path Number
7296 65 ­ Wrong Number of Subscripts 7298 65 - Wrong Number of Subscripts
7297 66 ­ Non-Record-Type Operand 7299 66 - Non-Record-Type Operand
7298 67 ­ Illegal Argument 7300 67 - Illegal Argument
7299 68 ­ Illegal Control Structure 7301 68 - Illegal Control Structure
7300 69 ­ Unmatched Control Structure 7302 69 - Unmatched Control Structure
7301 7303
7302 70 ­ Illegal FOR Variable 7304 70 - Illegal FOR Variable
7303 71 ­ Illegal Expression Type 7305 71 - Illegal Expression Type
7304 72 ­ Illegal Declarative Statement 7306 72 - Illegal Declarative Statement
7305 73 ­ Array Size Overflow 7307 73 - Array Size Overflow
7306 74 ­ Undefined Line Number 7308 74 - Undefined Line Number
7307 75 ­ Multiply-Defined Line Number 7309 75 - Multiply-Defined Line Number
7308 76 ­ Multiply-Defined Variable 7310 76 - Multiply-Defined Variable
7309 77 ­ Illegal Input Variable 7311 77 - Illegal Input Variable
7310 78 ­ Seek Out of Range 7312 78 - Seek Out of Range
7311 79 ­ Missing Data Statement 7313 79 - Missing Data Statement
7312 80 ­ Print Buffer Overflow 7314 80 - Print Buffer Overflow
7313 </literallayout> 7315 </literallayout>
7314 7316
7315 Error codes above 80 are those used by OS-9 or other external programs. 7317 Error codes above 80 are those used by OS-9 or other external programs.
7316 Consult the "OS-9 User's Guide" for a list of error codes and explanations. 7318 Consult the "OS-9 User's Guide" for a list of error codes and explanations.
7317 </para> 7319 </para>
7346 191 will be replaced by 191. Some of the graphics functions require 7348 191 will be replaced by 191. Some of the graphics functions require
7347 or optionally accept a colour mode which controls the foreground 7349 or optionally accept a colour mode which controls the foreground
7348 colour and colour set. The mode and colour codes are given in the 7350 colour and colour set. The mode and colour codes are given in the
7349 table on the next page. 7351 table on the next page.
7350 </para> 7352 </para>
7351 <beginpage> 7353 <beginpage/>
7352 <table frame="none"> 7354 <table frame="none">
7353 <title>Colour Graphics Modes and Colour Codes</title> 7355 <title>Colour Graphics Modes and Colour Codes</title>
7354 <tgroup cols="6"> 7356 <tgroup cols="6">
7355 <colspec colname="c1" colwidth="0.6in"> 7357 <colspec colname="c1" colwidth="0.6in"/>
7356 <colspec colname="c2" colwidth="0.4in"> 7358 <colspec colname="c2" colwidth="0.4in"/>
7357 <colspec colname="c3" colwidth="1in"> 7359 <colspec colname="c3" colwidth="1in"/>
7358 <colspec colname="c4" colwidth="1in"> 7360 <colspec colname="c4" colwidth="1in"/>
7359 <colspec colname="c5" colwidth="1in"> 7361 <colspec colname="c5" colwidth="1in"/>
7360 <colspec colname="c6" colwidth="1in"> 7362 <colspec colname="c6" colwidth="1in"/>
7361 <thead> 7363 <thead>
7362 <row> 7364 <row>
7363 <entry morerows="1" namest="c2">Colour Code</entry> 7365 <entry morerows="1" namest="c2">Colour Code</entry>
7364 <entry align="center" namest="c3" nameend="c4">Two Colour Format</entry> 7366 <entry align="center" namest="c3" nameend="c4">Two Colour Format</entry>
7365 <entry align="center" namest="c5" nameend="c6">Four Colour Format</entry> 7367 <entry align="center" namest="c5" nameend="c6">Four Colour Format</entry>
7528 changes the foreground colour to green in four-colour format (or 7530 changes the foreground colour to green in four-colour format (or
7529 black in two-colour format). 7531 black in two-colour format).
7530 </para> 7532 </para>
7531 <bridgehead renderas="sect2">POINT</bridgehead> 7533 <bridgehead renderas="sect2">POINT</bridgehead>
7532 <cmdsynopsis> 7534 <cmdsynopsis>
7533 <command>Calling Syntax: RUN GFX("Point",X,Y) or</command><sbr> 7535 <command>Calling Syntax: RUN GFX("Point",X,Y) or</command><sbr/>
7534 <command>RUN GFX("Point",X,Y,Colour)</command> 7536 <command>RUN GFX("Point",X,Y,Colour)</command>
7535 </cmdsynopsis> 7537 </cmdsynopsis>
7536 <para> 7538 <para>
7537 POINT moves the graphics cursor to the specified X.Y coordinate and 7539 POINT moves the graphics cursor to the specified X.Y coordinate and
7538 sets the pixel at that coordinate to the current foreground colour. 7540 sets the pixel at that coordinate to the current foreground colour.
7545 the foreground colour to green in two-colour format, or it changes 7547 the foreground colour to green in two-colour format, or it changes
7546 the colour to yellow in the four-colour format. 7548 the colour to yellow in the four-colour format.
7547 </para> 7549 </para>
7548 <bridgehead renderas="sect2">CLEAR</bridgehead> 7550 <bridgehead renderas="sect2">CLEAR</bridgehead>
7549 <cmdsynopsis> 7551 <cmdsynopsis>
7550 <command>Calling Syntax: RUN GFX("Clear") or</command><sbr> 7552 <command>Calling Syntax: RUN GFX("Clear") or</command><sbr/>
7551 <command>RUN GFX("Clear",Colour)</command> 7553 <command>RUN GFX("Clear",Colour)</command>
7552 </cmdsynopsis> 7554 </cmdsynopsis>
7553 <para> 7555 <para>
7554 CLEAR resets all points on the screen to the background colour, or 7556 CLEAR resets all points on the screen to the background colour, or
7555 if the optional colour is given presets the screen to that colour. 7557 if the optional colour is given presets the screen to that colour.
7556 The current graphics cursor is reset to (0,0). 7558 The current graphics cursor is reset to (0,0).
7557 </para> 7559 </para>
7558 <bridgehead renderas="sect2">LINE</bridgehead> 7560 <bridgehead renderas="sect2">LINE</bridgehead>
7559 <cmdsynopsis> 7561 <cmdsynopsis>
7560 <command>Calling Syntax: RUN GFX("Line",x2,y2)</command><sbr> 7562 <command>Calling Syntax: RUN GFX("Line",x2,y2)</command><sbr/>
7561 <command>RUN GFX("Line",x2,y2,Colour)</command><sbr> 7563 <command>RUN GFX("Line",x2,y2,Colour)</command><sbr/>
7562 <command>RUN GFX("Line",x1,y1,x2,y2)</command><sbr> 7564 <command>RUN GFX("Line",x1,y1,x2,y2)</command><sbr/>
7563 <command>RUN GFX("Line",x1,y1,x2,y2,Colour)</command> 7565 <command>RUN GFX("Line",x1,y1,x2,y2,Colour)</command>
7564 </cmdsynopsis> 7566 </cmdsynopsis>
7565 <para> 7567 <para>
7566 LINE draw lines in various ways. If one coordinate is given, the 7568 LINE draw lines in various ways. If one coordinate is given, the
7567 line will be drawn from the current graphics cursor position to the 7569 line will be drawn from the current graphics cursor position to the
7579 </programlisting> 7581 </programlisting>
7580 draws a blue line (4-colour mode) to point 24,65. 7582 draws a blue line (4-colour mode) to point 24,65.
7581 </para> 7583 </para>
7582 <bridgehead renderas="sect2">CIRCLE</bridgehead> 7584 <bridgehead renderas="sect2">CIRCLE</bridgehead>
7583 <cmdsynopsis> 7585 <cmdsynopsis>
7584 <command>Calling Syntax: RUN GFX("Circle",Radius)</command><sbr> 7586 <command>Calling Syntax: RUN GFX("Circle",Radius)</command><sbr/>
7585 <command>RUN GFX("Circle",Radius,Colour)</command><sbr> 7587 <command>RUN GFX("Circle",Radius,Colour)</command><sbr/>
7586 <command>RUN GFX("Circle",X,Y,Radius)</command><sbr> 7588 <command>RUN GFX("Circle",X,Y,Radius)</command><sbr/>
7587 <command>RUN GFX("Circle",X,Y,Radius,Colour)</command> 7589 <command>RUN GFX("Circle",X,Y,Radius,Colour)</command>
7588 </cmdsynopsis> 7590 </cmdsynopsis>
7589 <para> 7591 <para>
7590 CIRCLE draws a circle of the given radius. The current graphics 7592 CIRCLE draws a circle of the given radius. The current graphics
7591 cursor position is assumed if no X,Y value is given. The current 7593 cursor position is assumed if no X,Y value is given. The current
7620 to create special functions that are not available in the Graphics 7622 to create special functions that are not available in the Graphics
7621 Module. 7623 Module.
7622 </para> 7624 </para>
7623 <bridgehead renderas="sect2">GCOLR</bridgehead> 7625 <bridgehead renderas="sect2">GCOLR</bridgehead>
7624 <cmdsynopsis> 7626 <cmdsynopsis>
7625 <command>Calling Syntax: RUN GFX("Gcolr",Colour)</command><sbr> 7627 <command>Calling Syntax: RUN GFX("Gcolr",Colour)</command><sbr/>
7626 <command>RUN GFX("Gcolr",X,Y,Colour)</command> 7628 <command>RUN GFX("Gcolr",X,Y,Colour)</command>
7627 </cmdsynopsis> 7629 </cmdsynopsis>
7628 <para> 7630 <para>
7629 GCOLR is used to read the colour of the pixel at the current 7631 GCOLR is used to read the colour of the pixel at the current
7630 graphics cursor position, or from the coordinates X,Y. The 7632 graphics cursor position, or from the coordinates X,Y. The