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date Mon, 05 Jan 2004 00:51:19 +0000
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2 <title>Basic Interactive Functions</title> 2 <title>Basic Interactive Functions</title>
3 3
4 <section id="sec2.0"> 4 <section id="sec2.0">
5 <title>Running Commands and Basic Shell Operation</title> 5 <title>Running Commands and Basic Shell Operation</title>
6 <para> 6 <para>
7 The <command>shell</command> is a the part of OS-9 that accepts commands from your 7 The <command>shell</command> is a the part of NitrOS-9 that accepts commands from your
8 keyboard. It was designed to provide a convenient, flexible, and 8 keyboard. It was designed to provide a convenient, flexible, and
9 easy-to-use interface between you and the powerful functions of the 9 easy-to-use interface between you and the powerful functions of the
10 operating system. The shell is automatically entered after OS-9 is 10 operating system. The shell is automatically entered after NitrOS-9 is
11 started up. You can tell when the shell is waiting for input 11 started up. You can tell when the shell is waiting for input
12 because it displays the shell prompt. This prompt indicates that 12 because it displays the shell prompt. This prompt indicates that
13 the shell is active and awaiting a command from your keyboard. It 13 the shell is active and awaiting a command from your keyboard. It
14 makes no difference whether you use upper-case letters, lower-case 14 makes no difference whether you use upper-case letters, lower-case
15 letters, or a combination of both because OS-9 matches letters of 15 letters, or a combination of both because NitrOS-9 matches letters of
16 either case. 16 either case.
17 </para> 17 </para>
18 <para> 18 <para>
19 The command line always begins with a name of a program which can 19 The command line always begins with a name of a program which can
20 be: 20 be:
81 81
82 </para> 82 </para>
83 <section id="sec2.0.1"> 83 <section id="sec2.0.1">
84 <title>Sending Output to the Printer</title> 84 <title>Sending Output to the Printer</title>
85 <para> 85 <para>
86 Normally, most commands and programs display output on the &make; video display. The output of these programs can 86 Normally, most commands and programs display output on the Color Computer video display. The output of these programs can
87 alternatively be printed by specifying output redirection on the 87 alternatively be printed by specifying output redirection on the
88 command line. This is done by including the following modifier to 88 command line. This is done by including the following modifier to
89 at the end of any command line: 89 at the end of any command line:
90 </para> 90 </para>
91 <screen> 91 <screen>
92 &gt;/p 92 &gt;/p
93 </screen> 93 </screen>
94 <para> 94 <para>
95 The &quot;&gt;&quot; character tells the shell to redirect output (See <xref linkend="sec4.3.2"/>) to 95 The &quot;&gt;&quot; character tells the shell to redirect output (See <xref linkend="sec4.3.2"/>) to
96 the printer using the &make;'s printer port, which has the device 96 the printer using the Color Computer's printer port, which has the device
97 name &quot;/P&quot; (See <xref linkend="sec3.2"/>). For example, to redirect the output of the 97 name &quot;/p&quot; (See <xref linkend="sec3.2"/>). For example, to redirect the output of the
98 <command>dir</command> command to the printer, enter: 98 <command>dir</command> command to the printer, enter:
99 </para> 99 </para>
100 <screen> 100 <screen>
101 dir &gt;/p 101 dir &gt;/p
102 </screen> 102 </screen>
112 To change any of these type XMODE followed by the new value. 112 To change any of these type XMODE followed by the new value.
113 For example, to set the printer port for automatic line feeds at the 113 For example, to set the printer port for automatic line feeds at the
114 end of every line, enter: 114 end of every line, enter:
115 </para> 115 </para>
116 <screen> 116 <screen>
117 xmode /p lf; 117 xmode /p lf
118 </screen> 118 </screen>
119 </section> 119 </section>
120 </section> 120 </section>
121 121
122 <section id="sec2.1"> 122 <section id="sec2.1">
125 Parameters are generally used to either specify file name(s) or 125 Parameters are generally used to either specify file name(s) or
126 to select options to be used by the program specified in the command 126 to select options to be used by the program specified in the command
127 line given to the shell. Parameters are separated from the command 127 line given to the shell. Parameters are separated from the command
128 name and from each other by space characters (hence parameters and 128 name and from each other by space characters (hence parameters and
129 options cannot themselves include spaces). Each command program 129 options cannot themselves include spaces). Each command program
130 supplied with OS-9 has an individual description in the last section 130 supplied with NitrOS-9 has an individual description in the last section
131 of this manual which describe the correct usage of the parameters of 131 of this manual which describe the correct usage of the parameters of
132 each command. 132 each command.
133 </para> 133 </para>
134 <para> 134 <para>
135 For example, the <command>list</command> program is used to display the contents of 135 For example, the <command>list</command> program is used to display the contents of
176 <screen> 176 <screen>
177 dir sys 177 dir sys
178 </screen> 178 </screen>
179 <para> 179 <para>
180 It is also possible to specify both a directory name parameter and 180 It is also possible to specify both a directory name parameter and
181 the e option, such as: 181 the -e option, such as:
182 </para> 182 </para>
183 <screen> 183 <screen>
184 dir sys -e 184 dir sys -e
185 </screen> 185 </screen>
186 <para> 186 <para>
190 190
191 <section id="sec2.3"> 191 <section id="sec2.3">
192 <title>Some Common Command Formats</title> 192 <title>Some Common Command Formats</title>
193 <para> 193 <para>
194 This section is a summary of some commands commonly used by new 194 This section is a summary of some commands commonly used by new
195 or casual OS-9 users, and some common formats. Each command is 195 or casual NitrOS-9 users, and some common formats. Each command is
196 followed by an example. Refer to the individual command 196 followed by an example. Refer to the individual command
197 descriptions later int his book for more detailed information and 197 descriptions later int his book for more detailed information and
198 additional examples. Parameters or options shown in brackets are 198 additional examples. Parameters or options shown in brackets are
199 optional. Whenever a command references a directory file name, the 199 optional. Whenever a command references a directory file name, the
200 file <emphasis>must</emphasis> be a directory file. 200 file <emphasis>must</emphasis> be a directory file.
244 </section> 244 </section>
245 245
246 <section id="sec2.4"> 246 <section id="sec2.4">
247 <title>Using the Keyboard and Video Display</title> 247 <title>Using the Keyboard and Video Display</title>
248 <para> 248 <para>
249 OS-9 has many features to expand the capability of the &make; 249 NitrOS-9 has many features to expand the capability of the Color Computer
250 keyboard and video display. The video display has screen pause, 250 keyboard and video display. The video display has screen pause,
251 upper/lower case, and graphics functions. The keyboard can generate 251 upper/lower case, and graphics functions. The keyboard can generate
252 all ASCII characters and has a type-ahead feature that permits you 252 all ASCII characters and has a type-ahead feature that permits you
253 to enter data before requested by a program (except if the disk is 253 to enter data before requested by a program (except if the disk is
254 running because interrupts are temporarily disabled). 254 running because interrupts are temporarily disabled).
259 </para> 259 </para>
260 260
261 <section> 261 <section>
262 <title>Video Display Functions</title> 262 <title>Video Display Functions</title>
263 <para> 263 <para>
264 The &make; uses reverse video (green letters in a black box) to 264 Most Color Computers use reverse video (green letters in a black box) to
265 represent lower-case letters. Normally they are not used, so you 265 represent lower-case letters. Normally they are not used, so you
266 have to turn them on if you want to use them with the command: 266 have to turn them on if you want to use them with the command:
267 </para> 267 </para>
268 <screen> 268 <screen>
269 tmode -upc 269 tmode -upc
270 </screen> 270 </screen>
271 <para>
272 However, the Color Computer 3 and certain models of the Color Computer 2 can also do true lowercase on the 32x16 video display. To see if your Color Computer can do true lowercase, type the following command:
273 <screen>
274 xmode /term typ=1; display e
275 </screen>
276 If your Color Computer cannot do true lower case, your screen will show graphics garbage.
277 </para>
271 <para> 278 <para>
272 The screen pause feature stops programs after 16 lines have been 279 The screen pause feature stops programs after 16 lines have been
273 displayed. Output will continue if you hit any key. Normally this 280 displayed. Output will continue if you hit any key. Normally this
274 feature is on. It can be turned on or off with the <command>tmode</command> command as 281 feature is on. It can be turned on or off with the <command>tmode</command> command as
275 follows: 282 follows: