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7 The "shell" is a the part of OS-9 that accepts commands from your 7 The "shell" is a the part of OS-9 that accepts commands from your
8 keyboard. It was designed to provide a convenient, flexible, and 8 keyboard. It was designed to provide a convenient, flexible, and
9 easy-to-use interface between you and the powerful functions of the 9 easy-to-use interface between you and the powerful functions of the
10 operating system. The shell is automatically entered after OS-9 is 10 operating system. The shell is automatically entered after OS-9 is
11 started up. You can tell when the shell is waiting for input 11 started up. You can tell when the shell is waiting for input
12 because it displays the "OS9:" prompt. This prompt indicates that 12 because it displays the shell prompt. This prompt indicates that
13 the shell is active and awaiting a command from your keyboard. It 13 the shell is active and awaiting a command from your keyboard. It
14 makes no difference whether you use upper-case letters, lower-case 14 makes no difference whether you use upper-case letters, lower-case
15 letters, or a combination of both because OS-9 matches letters of 15 letters, or a combination of both because OS-9 matches letters of
16 either case. 16 either case.
17 </para> 17 </para>
22 22
23 <itemizedlist> 23 <itemizedlist>
24 <listitem><para>The name of a machine language program on disk</para></listitem> 24 <listitem><para>The name of a machine language program on disk</para></listitem>
25 <listitem><para>The name of a machine language program already in memory</para></listitem> 25 <listitem><para>The name of a machine language program already in memory</para></listitem>
26 <listitem><para>The name of an executable program compiled by a high-level 26 <listitem><para>The name of an executable program compiled by a high-level
27 language such as Basic09, Pascal, Cobol, etc. (See 4.8)</para></listitem> 27 language such as Basic09, Pascal, Cobol, etc.</para></listitem>
28 <listitem><para>The name of a procedure file (See 4.6)</para></listitem> 28 <listitem><para>The name of a procedure file</para></listitem>
29 </itemizedlist> 29 </itemizedlist>
30 <para> 30 <para>
31 If you're a beginner, you will almost always use the first case, 31 If you're a beginner, you will almost always use the first case,
32 which causes the program to be automatically loaded from the CMDS 32 which causes the program to be automatically loaded from the CMDS
33 directory and run. 33 directory and run.
37 program having the name specified in the following sequence: 37 program having the name specified in the following sequence:
38 </para> 38 </para>
39 39
40 <orderedlist numeration="arabic"> 40 <orderedlist numeration="arabic">
41 41
42 <listitem><para>- If the program named is already in memory, it is run.</para></listitem> 42 <listitem><para> If the program named is already in memory, it is run.</para></listitem>
43 43
44 <listitem><para>- The &quot;execution directory&quot;, usually &quot;CMDS&quot;, is searched. 44 <listitem><para> The &quot;execution directory&quot;, usually &quot;CMDS&quot;, is searched.
45 If a file having the name given is found, it is loaded and 45 If a file having the name given is found, it is loaded and
46 run (See 5.4.1).</para></listitem> 46 run.</para></listitem>
47 47
48 <listitem><para>- The user's &quot;data directory&quot; is searched. If a file having 48 <listitem><para> The user's &quot;data directory&quot; is searched. If a file having
49 the name given is found, it is processed as a &quot;procedure 49 the name given is found, it is processed as a &quot;procedure
50 file&quot; which means that the file is assumed to contain one 50 file&quot; which means that the file is assumed to contain one
51 or more command lines which are processed by the shell in 51 or more command lines which are processed by the shell in
52 the same manner as if they had manually typed in one by one.</para></listitem> 52 the same manner as if they had manually typed in one by one.</para></listitem>
53 53
54 </orderedlist> 54 </orderedlist>
55 <para> 55 <para>
56 Mention is made above of the &quot;data directory&quot; and the &quot;execution 56 Mention is made above of the &quot;data directory&quot; and the &quot;execution
57 directory&quot;. At all times each user is associated with two file 57 directory&quot;. At all times each user is associated with two file
58 directories. A more detailed explanation of directories is presented 58 directories. A more detailed explanation of directories is presented
59 in section 3.3. The execution directory (usually CMDS) includes 59 later. The execution directory (usually CMDS) includes
60 files which are executable programs. 60 files which are executable programs.
61 </para> 61 </para>
62 <para> 62 <para>
63 The name given in the command line may be optionally followed by 63 The name given in the command line may be optionally followed by
64 one or more &quot;parameters&quot; which are passed to the program called by 64 one or more &quot;parameters&quot; which are passed to the program called by
66 </para> 66 </para>
67 <para> 67 <para>
68 For example, in the command line: 68 For example, in the command line:
69 </para> 69 </para>
70 <screen> 70 <screen>
71 LIST FILE1 71 list file1
72 </screen> 72 </screen>
73 <para> 73 <para>
74 the program name is LIST, and the parameter passed to it is FILE1. 74 the program name is LIST, and the parameter passed to it is FILE1.
75 </para> 75 </para>
76 <para> 76 <para>
77 A command line may also include one or more &quot;modifiers&quot; which are 77 A command line may also include one or more &quot;modifiers&quot; which are
78 specifications used by the shell to alter the program's standard 78 specifications used by the shell to alter the program's standard
79 input/output files or memory assignments (See 4.2). 79 input/output files or memory assignments.
80 80
81 81
82 </para> 82 </para>
83 <section> 83 <section>
84 <title>Sending Output to the Printer</title> 84 <title>Sending Output to the Printer</title>
85 <para> 85 <para>
86 Normally, most commands and programs display output on the Color 86 Normally, most commands and programs display output on the &make video display. The output of these programs can
87 Computer video display. The output of these programs can
88 alternatively be printed by specifying output redirection on the 87 alternatively be printed by specifying output redirection on the
89 command line. This is done by including the following modifier to 88 command line. This is done by including the following modifier to
90 at the end of any command line: 89 at the end of any command line:
91 </para> 90 </para>
92 <screen> 91 <screen>
93 &gt;/P 92 &gt;/p
94 </screen> 93 </screen>
95 <para> 94 <para>
96 The &quot;&gt;&quot; character tells the shell to redirect output (See 4.3.2) to 95 The &quot;&gt;&quot; character tells the shell to redirect output (See 4.3.2) to
97 the printer using the &make; Computer's parallel port, which has the device 96 the printer using the &make;'s printer port, which has the device
98 name &quot;/P&quot; (See 3.2). For example, to redirect the output of the 97 name &quot;/P&quot; (See 3.2). For example, to redirect the output of the
99 &quot;dir&quot; command to the printer, enter: 98 &quot;dir&quot; command to the printer, enter:
100 </para> 99 </para>
101 <screen> 100 <screen>
102 DIR &gt;/P 101 dir &gt;/p
103 </screen> 102 </screen>
104 <para> 103 <para>
105 The &quot;xmode&quot; command can be used to set the printer port's 104 The &quot;xmode&quot; command can be used to set the printer port's
106 operating mode such as auto line feed, etc. For example, to examine 105 operating mode such as auto line feed, etc. For example, to examine
107 the printer's current settings, type: 106 the printer's current settings, type:
108 </para> 107 </para>
109 <screen> 108 <screen>
110 xmode /P 109 xmode /p
111 </screen> 110 </screen>
112 <para> 111 <para>
113 To change any of these type XMODE followed by the new value. 112 To change any of these type XMODE followed by the new value.
114 For example, to set the printer port for automatic line feeds at the 113 For example, to set the printer port for automatic line feeds at the
115 end of every line, enter: 114 end of every line, enter:
116 </para> 115 </para>
117 <screen> 116 <screen>
118 xmode /P lf; 117 xmode /p lf;
119 </screen> 118 </screen>
120 </section> 119 </section>
121 </section> 120 </section>
122 121
123 <section> 122 <section>
139 desired file is given as a parameter in the command line. For 138 desired file is given as a parameter in the command line. For
140 example, to list the file called startup (the system initialization 139 example, to list the file called startup (the system initialization
141 procedure file), you enter the command line: 140 procedure file), you enter the command line:
142 </para> 141 </para>
143 <screen> 142 <screen>
144 LIST STARTUP 143 list startup
145 </screen> 144 </screen>
146 <para> 145 <para>
147 Some commands have two parameters. For example, the COPY command is 146 Some commands have two parameters. For example, the COPY command is
148 used to make an exact copy of a file. It requires two parameters: 147 used to make an exact copy of a file. It requires two parameters:
149 The name of the file to be copied and the name of the file which is 148 The name of the file to be copied and the name of the file which is
150 to be the copy, for example: 149 to be the copy, for example:
151 </para> 150 </para>
152 <screen> 151 <screen>
153 COPY STARTUP NEWSTARTUP 152 copy startup newstartup
154 </screen> 153 </screen>
155 <para> 154 <para>
156 Other commands have parameters which select options. For example: 155 Other commands have parameters which select options. For example:
157 </para> 156 </para>
158 <screen> 157 <screen>
159 DIR 158 dir
160 </screen> 159 </screen>
161 <para> 160 <para>
162 shows the names of the files in the user's data directory. Normally 161 shows the names of the files in the user's data directory. Normally
163 it simply lists the file names only, but if the &quot;E&quot; 162 it simply lists the file names only, but if the &quot;-e&quot;
164 (for <emphasis>e</emphasis>ntire) 163 (for <emphasis>e</emphasis>ntire)
165 option is given, it will also give complete statistics for each file 164 option is given, it will also give complete statistics for each file
166 such as the date and time created, size, security codes, etc. To do 165 such as the date and time created, size, security codes, etc. To do
167 so enter: 166 so enter:
168 </para> 167 </para>
169 <screen> 168 <screen>
170 DIR E 169 dir -e
171 </screen> 170 </screen>
172 <para> 171 <para>
173 The DIR command also can accept a file name as a parameter which 172 The DIR command also can accept a file name as a parameter which
174 specifies a directory file other than the (default) data directory. 173 specifies a directory file other than the (default) data directory.
175 For example, to list file names in the directory sys , type: 174 For example, to list file names in the directory sys , type:
176 </para> 175 </para>
177 <screen> 176 <screen>
178 DIR SYS 177 dir sys
179 </screen> 178 </screen>
180 <para> 179 <para>
181 It is also possible to specify both a directory name parameter and 180 It is also possible to specify both a directory name parameter and
182 the e option, such as: 181 the e option, such as:
183 </para> 182 </para>
184 <screen> 183 <screen>
185 DIR SYS E 184 dir sys -e
186 </screen> 185 </screen>
187 <para> 186 <para>
188 giving file names and complete statistics (See example in 3.8.1). 187 giving file names and complete statistics.
189 </para> 188 </para>
190 </section> 189 </section>
191 190
192 <section> 191 <section>
193 <title>Some Common Command Formats</title> 192 <title>Some Common Command Formats</title>
194 <para> 193 <para>
195 This section is a summary of some commands commonly used by new 194 This section is a summary of some commands commonly used by new
196 or casual OS-9 users, and some common formats. Each command is 195 or casual OS-9 users, and some common formats. Each command is
197 followed by an example. Refer to the individual command 196 followed by an example. Refer to the individual command
198 descriptions in Section 8 for more detailed information and 197 descriptions later int his book for more detailed information and
199 additional examples. Parameters or options shown in brackets are 198 additional examples. Parameters or options shown in brackets are
200 optional. Whenever a command references a directory file name, the 199 optional. Whenever a command references a directory file name, the
201 file <emphasis>must</emphasis> be a directory file. 200 file <emphasis>must</emphasis> be a directory file.
202 201
203 <screen> 202 <screen>
213 <screen> 212 <screen>
214 DEL filename del oldstuff 213 DEL filename del oldstuff
215 </screen> 214 </screen>
216 Deletes (destroys) the file specified. 215 Deletes (destroys) the file specified.
217 <screen> 216 <screen>
218 DIR [filename] [e] [x] dir myfiles e 217 DIR [filename] [-e] [-x] dir myfiles -e
219 </screen> 218 </screen>
220 List names of files contained in a directory. If the &quot;x&quot; option is 219 List names of files contained in a directory. If the &quot;x&quot; option is
221 used the files in the current <emphasis>execution</emphasis> 220 used the files in the current <emphasis>execution</emphasis>
222 directory are listed, 221 directory are listed,
223 othervise, if no directory name is given, the current 222 othervise, if no directory name is given, the current
259 </para> 258 </para>
260 259
261 <section> 260 <section>
262 <title>Video Display Functions</title> 261 <title>Video Display Functions</title>
263 <para> 262 <para>
264 The &make; Computer uses reverse video (green letters in a black box) to 263 The &make; uses reverse video (green letters in a black box) to
265 represent lower-case letters. Normally they are not used, so you 264 represent lower-case letters. Normally they are not used, so you
266 have to turn them on if you want to use them with the command: 265 have to turn them on if you want to use them with the command:
267 </para> 266 </para>
268 <screen> 267 <screen>
269 TMODE -UPC 268 tmode -upc
270 </screen> 269 </screen>
271 <para> 270 <para>
272 The screen pause feature stops programs after 16 lines have been 271 The screen pause feature stops programs after 16 lines have been
273 displayed. Output will continue if you hit any key. Normally this 272 displayed. Output will continue if you hit any key. Normally this
274 feature is on. It can be turned on or off with the TMODE command as 273 feature is on. It can be turned on or off with the TMODE command as
275 follows: 274 follows:
276 </para> 275 </para>
277 <screen> 276 <screen>
278 TMODE -PAUSE turns pause mode off 277 tmode -pause turns pause mode off
279 TMODE PAUSE turns pause mode on 278 tmode pause turns pause mode on
280 </screen> 279 </screen>
281 <para> 280 <para>
282 The display system also has a complete set of commands to emulate 281 The display system also has a complete set of commands to emulate
283 commercial data terminals, plus a complete set of graphics commands. 282 commercial data terminals, plus a complete set of graphics commands.
284 These are described in detail in Appendix D. 283 These are described in detail in Appendix D.
288 <section> 287 <section>
289 <title>Keyboard Shift and Control Functions</title> 288 <title>Keyboard Shift and Control Functions</title>
290 <para> 289 <para>
291 Two keys are used in combination with other keys to change their 290 Two keys are used in combination with other keys to change their
292 meaning. The SHIFT KEY selects between upper case and lower case 291 meaning. The SHIFT KEY selects between upper case and lower case
293 letters or punctuation, and the CLEAR key can be used to generate 292 letters or punctuation, and the &ctrlkey key can be used to generate
294 control characters . 293 control characters.
295 </para> 294 </para>
296 <para> 295 <para>
297 The keyboard has a shift lock function similar to a typewriter's, 296 The keyboard has a shift lock function similar to a typewriter's,
298 which is normally &quot;locked&quot;. The keyboard's shift lock may be 297 which is normally &quot;locked&quot;. The keyboard's shift lock may be
299 reversed by depressing the control key (CLEAR) and 0 keys 298 reversed by depressing the control key and 0 keys
300 simultaneously. The shift lock only affects the letter (A-Z) keys. 299 simultaneously. The shift lock only affects the letter (A-Z) keys.
301 When the keyboard is locked, these keys generate upper case letters, 300 When the keyboard is locked, these keys generate upper case letters,
302 and lower case only if the SHIFT key is depressed. When the 301 and lower case only if the SHIFT key is depressed. When the
303 keyboard is unlocked, the reverse is true, e.g., lower case letters 302 keyboard is unlocked, the reverse is true, e.g., lower case letters
304 are generated unless the SHIFT key is depressed at the same time as 303 are generated unless the SHIFT key is depressed at the same time as
309 <section> 308 <section>
310 <title>Control Key Functions</title> 309 <title>Control Key Functions</title>
311 <para> 310 <para>
312 There are a number of useful control functions that can be 311 There are a number of useful control functions that can be
313 generated from the keyboard. Many of these functions use &quot;control 312 generated from the keyboard. Many of these functions use &quot;control
314 keys&quot; which are generated by simultaneously depressing the CLEAR key 313 keys&quot; which are generated by simultaneously depressing the &ctrlkey key
315 plus some other key. For example, to generate the character for 314 plus some other key. For example, to generate the character for
316 CONTROL D press the CLEAR and D keys at the same time. 315 CONTROL D press the &ctrlkey and D keys at the same time.
317 </para> 316 </para>
318 <variablelist> 317 <variablelist>
319 <varlistentry> 318 <varlistentry>
320 <term>CONTROL A</term> 319 <term>CONTROL A</term>
321 <listitem> 320 <listitem>