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62 ..
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119 .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \
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120 \{\
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131 .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
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132 .\" ========================================================================
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133 .\"
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134 .IX Title "GFORTRAN 1"
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135 .TH GFORTRAN 1 "2009-04-21" "gcc-4.4.0" "GNU"
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136 .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
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137 .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
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138 .if n .ad l
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139 .nh
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140 .SH "NAME"
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141 gfortran \- GNU Fortran compiler
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142 .SH "SYNOPSIS"
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143 .IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
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144 gfortran [\fB\-c\fR|\fB\-S\fR|\fB\-E\fR]
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145 [\fB\-g\fR] [\fB\-pg\fR] [\fB\-O\fR\fIlevel\fR]
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146 [\fB\-W\fR\fIwarn\fR...] [\fB\-pedantic\fR]
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147 [\fB\-I\fR\fIdir\fR...] [\fB\-L\fR\fIdir\fR...]
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148 [\fB\-D\fR\fImacro\fR[=\fIdefn\fR]...] [\fB\-U\fR\fImacro\fR]
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149 [\fB\-f\fR\fIoption\fR...]
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150 [\fB\-m\fR\fImachine-option\fR...]
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151 [\fB\-o\fR \fIoutfile\fR] \fIinfile\fR...
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152 .PP
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153 Only the most useful options are listed here; see below for the
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154 remainder.
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155 .SH "DESCRIPTION"
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156 .IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
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157 The \fBgfortran\fR command supports all the options supported by the
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158 \&\fBgcc\fR command. Only options specific to \s-1GNU\s0 Fortran are documented here.
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159 .PP
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160 All \s-1GCC\s0 and \s-1GNU\s0 Fortran options
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161 are accepted both by \fBgfortran\fR and by \fBgcc\fR
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162 (as well as any other drivers built at the same time,
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163 such as \fBg++\fR),
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164 since adding \s-1GNU\s0 Fortran to the \s-1GCC\s0 distribution
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165 enables acceptance of \s-1GNU\s0 Fortran options
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166 by all of the relevant drivers.
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167 .PP
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168 In some cases, options have positive and negative forms;
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169 the negative form of \fB\-ffoo\fR would be \fB\-fno\-foo\fR.
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170 This manual documents only one of these two forms, whichever
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171 one is not the default.
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172 .SH "OPTIONS"
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173 .IX Header "OPTIONS"
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174 Here is a summary of all the options specific to \s-1GNU\s0 Fortran, grouped
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175 by type. Explanations are in the following sections.
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176 .IP "\fIFortran Language Options\fR" 4
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177 .IX Item "Fortran Language Options"
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178 \&\fB\-fall\-intrinsics \-ffree\-form \-fno\-fixed\-form
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179 \&\-fdollar\-ok \-fimplicit\-none \-fmax\-identifier\-length
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180 \&\-std=\fR\fIstd\fR \fB\-fd\-lines\-as\-code \-fd\-lines\-as\-comments
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181 \&\-ffixed\-line\-length\-\fR\fIn\fR \fB\-ffixed\-line\-length\-none
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182 \&\-ffree\-line\-length\-\fR\fIn\fR \fB\-ffree\-line\-length\-none
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183 \&\-fdefault\-double\-8 \-fdefault\-integer\-8 \-fdefault\-real\-8
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184 \&\-fcray\-pointer \-fopenmp \-fno\-range\-check \-fbackslash \-fmodule\-private\fR
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185 .IP "\fIPreprocessing Options\fR" 4
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186 .IX Item "Preprocessing Options"
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187 \&\fB\-cpp \-dD \-dI \-dM \-dN \-dU \-fworking\-directory
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188 \&\-imultilib\fR \fIdir\fR \fB\-iprefix\fR \fIfile\fR \fB\-isysroot\fR \fIdir\fR
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189 \&\fB\-iquote \-isystem\fR \fIdir\fR \fB\-nocpp \-nostdinc \-undef
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190 \&\-A\fR\fIquestion\fR\fB=\fR\fIanswer\fR \fB\-A\-\fR\fIquestion\fR[\fB=\fR\fIanswer\fR]
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191 \&\fB\-C \-CC \-D\fR\fImacro\fR[\fB=\fR\fIdefn\fR] \fB\-U\fR\fImacro\fR \fB\-H \-P\fR
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192 .IP "\fIError and Warning Options\fR" 4
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193 .IX Item "Error and Warning Options"
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194 \&\fB\-fmax\-errors=\fR\fIn\fR
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195 \&\fB\-fsyntax\-only \-pedantic \-pedantic\-errors
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196 \&\-Wall \-Waliasing \-Wampersand \-Warray\-bounds \-Wcharacter\-truncation
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197 \&\-Wconversion \-Wimplicit\-interface \-Wline\-truncation \-Wintrinsics\-std
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198 \&\-Wsurprising \-Wno\-tabs \-Wunderflow \-Wunused\-parameter \-Wintrinsics\-shadow
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199 \&\-Wno\-align\-commons\fR
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200 .IP "\fIDebugging Options\fR" 4
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201 .IX Item "Debugging Options"
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202 \&\fB\-fdump\-parse\-tree \-ffpe\-trap=\fR\fIlist\fR
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203 \&\fB\-fdump\-core \-fbacktrace\fR
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204 .IP "\fIDirectory Options\fR" 4
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205 .IX Item "Directory Options"
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206 \&\fB\-I\fR\fIdir\fR \fB\-J\fR\fIdir\fR \fB\-M\fR\fIdir\fR
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207 \&\fB\-fintrinsic\-modules\-path\fR \fIdir\fR
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208 .IP "\fILink Options\fR" 4
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209 .IX Item "Link Options"
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210 \&\fB\-static\-libgfortran\fR
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211 .IP "\fIRuntime Options\fR" 4
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212 .IX Item "Runtime Options"
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213 \&\fB\-fconvert=\fR\fIconversion\fR \fB\-fno\-range\-check
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214 \&\-frecord\-marker=\fR\fIlength\fR \fB\-fmax\-subrecord\-length=\fR\fIlength\fR
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215 \&\fB\-fsign\-zero\fR
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216 .IP "\fICode Generation Options\fR" 4
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217 .IX Item "Code Generation Options"
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218 \&\fB\-fno\-automatic \-ff2c \-fno\-underscoring
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219 \&\-fsecond\-underscore
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220 \&\-fbounds\-check \-fcheck\-array\-temporaries \-fmax\-array\-constructor =\fR\fIn\fR
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221 \&\fB\-fmax\-stack\-var\-size=\fR\fIn\fR
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222 \&\fB\-fpack\-derived \-frepack\-arrays \-fshort\-enums \-fexternal\-blas
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223 \&\-fblas\-matmul\-limit=\fR\fIn\fR \fB\-frecursive \-finit\-local\-zero
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224 \&\-finit\-integer=\fR\fIn\fR \fB\-finit\-real=\fR\fI<zero|inf|\-inf|nan>\fR
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225 \&\fB\-finit\-logical=\fR\fI<true|false>\fR \fB\-finit\-character=\fR\fIn\fR \fB\-fno\-align\-commons\fR
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226 .Sh "Options controlling Fortran dialect"
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227 .IX Subsection "Options controlling Fortran dialect"
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228 The following options control the details of the Fortran dialect
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229 accepted by the compiler:
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230 .IP "\fB\-ffree\-form\fR" 4
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231 .IX Item "-ffree-form"
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232 .PD 0
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233 .IP "\fB\-ffixed\-form\fR" 4
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234 .IX Item "-ffixed-form"
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235 .PD
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236 Specify the layout used by the source file. The free form layout
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237 was introduced in Fortran 90. Fixed form was traditionally used in
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238 older Fortran programs. When neither option is specified, the source
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239 form is determined by the file extension.
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240 .IP "\fB\-fall\-intrinsics\fR" 4
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241 .IX Item "-fall-intrinsics"
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242 This option causes all intrinsic procedures (including the GNU-specific
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243 extensions) to be accepted. This can be useful with \fB\-std=f95\fR to
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244 force standard-compliance but get access to the full range of intrinsics
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245 available with \fBgfortran\fR. As a consequence, \fB\-Wintrinsics\-std\fR
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246 will be ignored and no user-defined procedure with the same name as any
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247 intrinsic will be called except when it is explicitly declared \f(CW\*(C`EXTERNAL\*(C'\fR.
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248 .IP "\fB\-fd\-lines\-as\-code\fR" 4
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249 .IX Item "-fd-lines-as-code"
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250 .PD 0
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251 .IP "\fB\-fd\-lines\-as\-comments\fR" 4
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252 .IX Item "-fd-lines-as-comments"
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253 .PD
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254 Enable special treatment for lines beginning with \f(CW\*(C`d\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`D\*(C'\fR
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255 in fixed form sources. If the \fB\-fd\-lines\-as\-code\fR option is
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256 given they are treated as if the first column contained a blank. If the
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257 \&\fB\-fd\-lines\-as\-comments\fR option is given, they are treated as
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258 comment lines.
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259 .IP "\fB\-fdefault\-double\-8\fR" 4
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260 .IX Item "-fdefault-double-8"
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261 Set the \f(CW\*(C`DOUBLE PRECISION\*(C'\fR type to an 8 byte wide type. If
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262 \&\fB\-fdefault\-real\-8\fR is given, \f(CW\*(C`DOUBLE PRECISION\*(C'\fR would
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263 instead be promoted to 16 bytes if possible, and \fB\-fdefault\-double\-8\fR
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264 can be used to prevent this. The kind of real constants like \f(CW\*(C`1.d0\*(C'\fR will
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265 not be changed by \fB\-fdefault\-real\-8\fR though, so also
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266 \&\fB\-fdefault\-double\-8\fR does not affect it.
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267 .IP "\fB\-fdefault\-integer\-8\fR" 4
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268 .IX Item "-fdefault-integer-8"
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269 Set the default integer and logical types to an 8 byte wide type.
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270 Do nothing if this is already the default. This option also affects
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271 the kind of integer constants like \f(CW42\fR.
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272 .IP "\fB\-fdefault\-real\-8\fR" 4
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273 .IX Item "-fdefault-real-8"
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274 Set the default real type to an 8 byte wide type.
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275 Do nothing if this is already the default. This option also affects
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276 the kind of non-double real constants like \f(CW1.0\fR, and does promote
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277 the default width of \f(CW\*(C`DOUBLE PRECISION\*(C'\fR to 16 bytes if possible, unless
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278 \&\f(CW\*(C`\-fdefault\-double\-8\*(C'\fR is given, too.
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279 .IP "\fB\-fdollar\-ok\fR" 4
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280 .IX Item "-fdollar-ok"
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281 Allow \fB$\fR as a valid character in a symbol name.
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282 .IP "\fB\-fbackslash\fR" 4
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283 .IX Item "-fbackslash"
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284 Change the interpretation of backslashes in string literals from a single
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285 backslash character to \*(L"C\-style\*(R" escape characters. The following
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286 combinations are expanded \f(CW\*(C`\ea\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`\eb\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`\ef\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`\en\*(C'\fR,
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287 \&\f(CW\*(C`\er\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`\et\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`\ev\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`\e\e\*(C'\fR, and \f(CW\*(C`\e0\*(C'\fR to the \s-1ASCII\s0
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288 characters alert, backspace, form feed, newline, carriage return,
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289 horizontal tab, vertical tab, backslash, and \s-1NUL\s0, respectively.
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290 Additionally, \f(CW\*(C`\ex\*(C'\fR\fInn\fR, \f(CW\*(C`\eu\*(C'\fR\fInnnn\fR and
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291 \&\f(CW\*(C`\eU\*(C'\fR\fInnnnnnnn\fR (where each \fIn\fR is a hexadecimal digit) are
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292 translated into the Unicode characters corresponding to the specified code
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293 points. All other combinations of a character preceded by \e are
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294 unexpanded.
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295 .IP "\fB\-fmodule\-private\fR" 4
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296 .IX Item "-fmodule-private"
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297 Set the default accessibility of module entities to \f(CW\*(C`PRIVATE\*(C'\fR.
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298 Use-associated entities will not be accessible unless they are explicitly
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299 declared as \f(CW\*(C`PUBLIC\*(C'\fR.
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300 .IP "\fB\-ffixed\-line\-length\-\fR\fIn\fR" 4
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301 .IX Item "-ffixed-line-length-n"
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302 Set column after which characters are ignored in typical fixed-form
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303 lines in the source file, and through which spaces are assumed (as
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304 if padded to that length) after the ends of short fixed-form lines.
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305 .Sp
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306 Popular values for \fIn\fR include 72 (the
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307 standard and the default), 80 (card image), and 132 (corresponding
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308 to \*(L"extended-source\*(R" options in some popular compilers).
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309 \&\fIn\fR may also be \fBnone\fR, meaning that the entire line is meaningful
|
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310 and that continued character constants never have implicit spaces appended
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311 to them to fill out the line.
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312 \&\fB\-ffixed\-line\-length\-0\fR means the same thing as
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313 \&\fB\-ffixed\-line\-length\-none\fR.
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314 .IP "\fB\-ffree\-line\-length\-\fR\fIn\fR" 4
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315 .IX Item "-ffree-line-length-n"
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316 Set column after which characters are ignored in typical free-form
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317 lines in the source file. The default value is 132.
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318 \&\fIn\fR may be \fBnone\fR, meaning that the entire line is meaningful.
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319 \&\fB\-ffree\-line\-length\-0\fR means the same thing as
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320 \&\fB\-ffree\-line\-length\-none\fR.
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321 .IP "\fB\-fmax\-identifier\-length=\fR\fIn\fR" 4
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322 .IX Item "-fmax-identifier-length=n"
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323 Specify the maximum allowed identifier length. Typical values are
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324 31 (Fortran 95) and 63 (Fortran 2003 and Fortran 2008).
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325 .IP "\fB\-fimplicit\-none\fR" 4
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326 .IX Item "-fimplicit-none"
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327 Specify that no implicit typing is allowed, unless overridden by explicit
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328 \&\f(CW\*(C`IMPLICIT\*(C'\fR statements. This is the equivalent of adding
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329 \&\f(CW\*(C`implicit none\*(C'\fR to the start of every procedure.
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330 .IP "\fB\-fcray\-pointer\fR" 4
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331 .IX Item "-fcray-pointer"
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332 Enable the Cray pointer extension, which provides C\-like pointer
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333 functionality.
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334 .IP "\fB\-fopenmp\fR" 4
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335 .IX Item "-fopenmp"
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336 Enable the OpenMP extensions. This includes OpenMP \f(CW\*(C`!$omp\*(C'\fR directives
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337 in free form
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338 and \f(CW\*(C`c$omp\*(C'\fR, \f(CW*$omp\fR and \f(CW\*(C`!$omp\*(C'\fR directives in fixed form,
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339 \&\f(CW\*(C`!$\*(C'\fR conditional compilation sentinels in free form
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340 and \f(CW\*(C`c$\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`*$\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`!$\*(C'\fR sentinels in fixed form,
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341 and when linking arranges for the OpenMP runtime library to be linked
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342 in. The option \fB\-fopenmp\fR implies \fB\-frecursive\fR.
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343 .IP "\fB\-fno\-range\-check\fR" 4
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344 .IX Item "-fno-range-check"
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345 Disable range checking on results of simplification of constant
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346 expressions during compilation. For example, \s-1GNU\s0 Fortran will give
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347 an error at compile time when simplifying \f(CW\*(C`a = 1. / 0\*(C'\fR.
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348 With this option, no error will be given and \f(CW\*(C`a\*(C'\fR will be assigned
|
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349 the value \f(CW\*(C`+Infinity\*(C'\fR. If an expression evaluates to a value
|
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350 outside of the relevant range of [\f(CW\*(C`\-HUGE()\*(C'\fR:\f(CW\*(C`HUGE()\*(C'\fR],
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351 then the expression will be replaced by \f(CW\*(C`\-Inf\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`+Inf\*(C'\fR
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352 as appropriate.
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|
353 Similarly, \f(CW\*(C`DATA i/Z\*(AqFFFFFFFF\*(Aq/\*(C'\fR will result in an integer overflow
|
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354 on most systems, but with \fB\-fno\-range\-check\fR the value will
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355 \&\*(L"wrap around\*(R" and \f(CW\*(C`i\*(C'\fR will be initialized to \-1 instead.
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356 .IP "\fB\-std=\fR\fIstd\fR" 4
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357 .IX Item "-std=std"
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358 Specify the standard to which the program is expected to conform, which
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359 may be one of \fBf95\fR, \fBf2003\fR, \fBf2008\fR, \fBgnu\fR, or
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360 \&\fBlegacy\fR. The default value for \fIstd\fR is \fBgnu\fR, which
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361 specifies a superset of the Fortran 95 standard that includes all of the
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362 extensions supported by \s-1GNU\s0 Fortran, although warnings will be given for
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363 obsolete extensions not recommended for use in new code. The
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364 \&\fBlegacy\fR value is equivalent but without the warnings for obsolete
|
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|
365 extensions, and may be useful for old non-standard programs. The
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366 \&\fBf95\fR, \fBf2003\fR and \fBf2008\fR values specify strict
|
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|
367 conformance to the Fortran 95, Fortran 2003 and Fortran 2008 standards,
|
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|
368 respectively; errors are given for all extensions beyond the relevant
|
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|
369 language standard, and warnings are given for the Fortran 77 features
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370 that are permitted but obsolescent in later standards.
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371 .Sh "Enable and customize preprocessing"
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|
372 .IX Subsection "Enable and customize preprocessing"
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373 Preprocessor related options. See section
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|
374 \&\fBPreprocessing and conditional compilation\fR for more detailed
|
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375 information on preprocessing in \fBgfortran\fR.
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|
376 .IP "\fB\-cpp\fR" 4
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377 .IX Item "-cpp"
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|
378 .PD 0
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|
379 .IP "\fB\-nocpp\fR" 4
|
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380 .IX Item "-nocpp"
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|
381 .PD
|
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|
382 Enable preprocessing. The preprocessor is automatically invoked if
|
|
|
383 the file extension is \fI.fpp\fR, \fI.FPP\fR, \fI.F\fR, \fI.FOR\fR,
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|
384 \&\fI.FTN\fR, \fI.F90\fR, \fI.F95\fR, \fI.F03\fR or \fI.F08\fR. Use
|
|
|
385 this option to manually enable preprocessing of any kind of Fortran file.
|
|
|
386 .Sp
|
|
|
387 To disable preprocessing of files with any of the above listed extensions,
|
|
|
388 use the negative form: \fB\-nocpp\fR.
|
|
|
389 .Sp
|
|
|
390 The preprocessor is run in traditional mode, be aware that any
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|
|
391 restrictions of the file-format, e.g. fixed-form line width,
|
|
|
392 apply for preprocessed output as well.
|
|
|
393 .IP "\fB\-dM\fR" 4
|
|
|
394 .IX Item "-dM"
|
|
|
395 Instead of the normal output, generate a list of \f(CW\*(Aq#define\*(Aq\fR
|
|
|
396 directives for all the macros defined during the execution of the
|
|
|
397 preprocessor, including predefined macros. This gives you a way
|
|
|
398 of finding out what is predefined in your version of the preprocessor.
|
|
|
399 Assuming you have no file \fIfoo.f90\fR, the command
|
|
|
400 .Sp
|
|
|
401 .Vb 1
|
|
|
402 \& touch foo.f90; gfortran \-cpp \-dM foo.f90
|
|
|
403 .Ve
|
|
|
404 .Sp
|
|
|
405 will show all the predefined macros.
|
|
|
406 .IP "\fB\-dD\fR" 4
|
|
|
407 .IX Item "-dD"
|
|
|
408 Like \fB\-dM\fR except in two respects: it does not include the
|
|
|
409 predefined macros, and it outputs both the \f(CW\*(C`#define\*(C'\fR directives
|
|
|
410 and the result of preprocessing. Both kinds of output go to the
|
|
|
411 standard output file.
|
|
|
412 .IP "\fB\-dN\fR" 4
|
|
|
413 .IX Item "-dN"
|
|
|
414 Like \fB\-dD\fR, but emit only the macro names, not their expansions.
|
|
|
415 .IP "\fB\-dU\fR" 4
|
|
|
416 .IX Item "-dU"
|
|
|
417 Like \fBdD\fR except that only macros that are expanded, or whose
|
|
|
418 definedness is tested in preprocessor directives, are output; the
|
|
|
419 output is delayed until the use or test of the macro; and \f(CW\*(Aq#undef\*(Aq\fR
|
|
|
420 directives are also output for macros tested but undefined at the time.
|
|
|
421 .IP "\fB\-dI\fR" 4
|
|
|
422 .IX Item "-dI"
|
|
|
423 Output \f(CW\*(Aq#include\*(Aq\fR directives in addition to the result
|
|
|
424 of preprocessing.
|
|
|
425 .IP "\fB\-fworking\-directory\fR" 4
|
|
|
426 .IX Item "-fworking-directory"
|
|
|
427 Enable generation of linemarkers in the preprocessor output that will
|
|
|
428 let the compiler know the current working directory at the time of
|
|
|
429 preprocessing. When this option is enabled, the preprocessor will emit,
|
|
|
430 after the initial linemarker, a second linemarker with the current
|
|
|
431 working directory followed by two slashes. \s-1GCC\s0 will use this directory,
|
|
|
432 when it's present in the preprocessed input, as the directory emitted
|
|
|
433 as the current working directory in some debugging information formats.
|
|
|
434 This option is implicitly enabled if debugging information is enabled,
|
|
|
435 but this can be inhibited with the negated form
|
|
|
436 \&\fB\-fno\-working\-directory\fR. If the \fB\-P\fR flag is present
|
|
|
437 in the command line, this option has no effect, since no \f(CW\*(C`#line\*(C'\fR
|
|
|
438 directives are emitted whatsoever.
|
|
|
439 .IP "\fB\-idirafter\fR \fIdir\fR" 4
|
|
|
440 .IX Item "-idirafter dir"
|
|
|
441 Search \fIdir\fR for include files, but do it after all directories
|
|
|
442 specified with \fB\-I\fR and the standard system directories have
|
|
|
443 been exhausted. \fIdir\fR is treated as a system include directory.
|
|
|
444 If dir begins with \f(CW\*(C`=\*(C'\fR, then the \f(CW\*(C`=\*(C'\fR will be replaced by
|
|
|
445 the sysroot prefix; see \fB\-\-sysroot\fR and \fB\-isysroot\fR.
|
|
|
446 .IP "\fB\-imultilib\fR \fIdir\fR" 4
|
|
|
447 .IX Item "-imultilib dir"
|
|
|
448 Use \fIdir\fR as a subdirectory of the directory containing target-specific
|
|
|
449 \&\*(C+ headers.
|
|
|
450 .IP "\fB\-iprefix\fR \fIprefix\fR" 4
|
|
|
451 .IX Item "-iprefix prefix"
|
|
|
452 Specify \fIprefix\fR as the prefix for subsequent \fB\-iwithprefix\fR
|
|
|
453 options. If the \fIprefix\fR represents a directory, you should include
|
|
|
454 the final \f(CW\*(Aq/\*(Aq\fR.
|
|
|
455 .IP "\fB\-isysroot\fR \fIdir\fR" 4
|
|
|
456 .IX Item "-isysroot dir"
|
|
|
457 This option is like the \fB\-\-sysroot\fR option, but applies only to
|
|
|
458 header files. See the \fB\-\-sysroot\fR option for more information.
|
|
|
459 .IP "\fB\-iquote\fR \fIdir\fR" 4
|
|
|
460 .IX Item "-iquote dir"
|
|
|
461 Search \fIdir\fR only for header files requested with \f(CW\*(C`#include "file"\*(C'\fR;
|
|
|
462 they are not searched for \f(CW\*(C`#include <file>\*(C'\fR, before all directories
|
|
|
463 specified by \fB\-I\fR and before the standard system directories. If
|
|
|
464 \&\fIdir\fR begins with \f(CW\*(C`=\*(C'\fR, then the \f(CW\*(C`=\*(C'\fR will be replaced by the
|
|
|
465 sysroot prefix; see \fB\-\-sysroot\fR and \fB\-isysroot\fR.
|
|
|
466 .IP "\fB\-isystem\fR \fIdir\fR" 4
|
|
|
467 .IX Item "-isystem dir"
|
|
|
468 Search \fIdir\fR for header files, after all directories specified by
|
|
|
469 \&\fB\-I\fR but before the standard system directories. Mark it as a
|
|
|
470 system directory, so that it gets the same special treatment as is
|
|
|
471 applied to the standard system directories. If \fIdir\fR begins with
|
|
|
472 \&\f(CW\*(C`=\*(C'\fR, then the \f(CW\*(C`=\*(C'\fR will be replaced by the sysroot prefix;
|
|
|
473 see \fB\-\-sysroot\fR and \fB\-isysroot\fR.
|
|
|
474 .IP "\fB\-nostdinc\fR" 4
|
|
|
475 .IX Item "-nostdinc"
|
|
|
476 Do not search the standard system directories for header files. Only
|
|
|
477 the directories you have specified with \fB\-I\fR options (and the
|
|
|
478 directory of the current file, if appropriate) are searched.
|
|
|
479 .IP "\fB\-undef\fR" 4
|
|
|
480 .IX Item "-undef"
|
|
|
481 Do not predefine any system-specific or GCC-specific macros.
|
|
|
482 The standard predefined macros remain defined.
|
|
|
483 .IP "\fB\-A\fR\fIpredicate\fR\fB=\fR\fIanswer\fR" 4
|
|
|
484 .IX Item "-Apredicate=answer"
|
|
|
485 Make an assertion with the predicate \fIpredicate\fR and answer \fIanswer\fR.
|
|
|
486 This form is preferred to the older form \-A predicate(answer), which is still
|
|
|
487 supported, because it does not use shell special characters.
|
|
|
488 .IP "\fB\-A\-\fR\fIpredicate\fR\fB=\fR\fIanswer\fR" 4
|
|
|
489 .IX Item "-A-predicate=answer"
|
|
|
490 Cancel an assertion with the predicate \fIpredicate\fR and answer \fIanswer\fR.
|
|
|
491 .IP "\fB\-C\fR" 4
|
|
|
492 .IX Item "-C"
|
|
|
493 Do not discard comments. All comments are passed through to the output
|
|
|
494 file, except for comments in processed directives, which are deleted
|
|
|
495 along with the directive.
|
|
|
496 .Sp
|
|
|
497 You should be prepared for side effects when using \fB\-C\fR; it causes
|
|
|
498 the preprocessor to treat comments as tokens in their own right. For example,
|
|
|
499 comments appearing at the start of what would be a directive line have the
|
|
|
500 effect of turning that line into an ordinary source line, since the first
|
|
|
501 token on the line is no longer a \f(CW\*(Aq#\*(Aq\fR.
|
|
|
502 .Sp
|
|
|
503 Warning: this currently handles C\-Style comments only. The preprocessor
|
|
|
504 does not yet recognize Fortran-style comments.
|
|
|
505 .IP "\fB\-CC\fR" 4
|
|
|
506 .IX Item "-CC"
|
|
|
507 Do not discard comments, including during macro expansion. This is like
|
|
|
508 \&\fB\-C\fR, except that comments contained within macros are also passed
|
|
|
509 through to the output file where the macro is expanded.
|
|
|
510 .Sp
|
|
|
511 In addition to the side-effects of the \fB\-C\fR option, the \fB\-CC\fR
|
|
|
512 option causes all \*(C+\-style comments inside a macro to be converted to C\-style
|
|
|
513 comments. This is to prevent later use of that macro from inadvertently
|
|
|
514 commenting out the remainder of the source line. The \fB\-CC\fR option
|
|
|
515 is generally used to support lint comments.
|
|
|
516 .Sp
|
|
|
517 Warning: this currently handles C\- and \*(C+\-Style comments only. The
|
|
|
518 preprocessor does not yet recognize Fortran-style comments.
|
|
|
519 .IP "\fB\-D\fR\fIname\fR" 4
|
|
|
520 .IX Item "-Dname"
|
|
|
521 Predefine name as a macro, with definition \f(CW1\fR.
|
|
|
522 .IP "\fB\-D\fR\fIname\fR\fB=\fR\fIdefinition\fR" 4
|
|
|
523 .IX Item "-Dname=definition"
|
|
|
524 The contents of \fIdefinition\fR are tokenized and processed as if they
|
|
|
525 appeared during translation phase three in a \f(CW\*(Aq#define\*(Aq\fR directive.
|
|
|
526 In particular, the definition will be truncated by embedded newline
|
|
|
527 characters.
|
|
|
528 .Sp
|
|
|
529 If you are invoking the preprocessor from a shell or shell-like program
|
|
|
530 you may need to use the shell's quoting syntax to protect characters such
|
|
|
531 as spaces that have a meaning in the shell syntax.
|
|
|
532 .Sp
|
|
|
533 If you wish to define a function-like macro on the command line, write
|
|
|
534 its argument list with surrounding parentheses before the equals sign
|
|
|
535 (if any). Parentheses are meaningful to most shells, so you will need
|
|
|
536 to quote the option. With sh and csh, \f(CW\*(C`\-D\*(Aqname(args...)=definition\*(Aq\*(C'\fR
|
|
|
537 works.
|
|
|
538 .Sp
|
|
|
539 \&\fB\-D\fR and \fB\-U\fR options are processed in the order they are
|
|
|
540 given on the command line. All \-imacros file and \-include file options
|
|
|
541 are processed after all \-D and \-U options.
|
|
|
542 .IP "\fB\-H\fR" 4
|
|
|
543 .IX Item "-H"
|
|
|
544 Print the name of each header file used, in addition to other normal
|
|
|
545 activities. Each name is indented to show how deep in the \f(CW\*(Aq#include\*(Aq\fR
|
|
|
546 stack it is.
|
|
|
547 .IP "\fB\-P\fR" 4
|
|
|
548 .IX Item "-P"
|
|
|
549 Inhibit generation of linemarkers in the output from the preprocessor.
|
|
|
550 This might be useful when running the preprocessor on something that
|
|
|
551 is not C code, and will be sent to a program which might be confused
|
|
|
552 by the linemarkers.
|
|
|
553 .IP "\fB\-U\fR\fIname\fR" 4
|
|
|
554 .IX Item "-Uname"
|
|
|
555 Cancel any previous definition of \fIname\fR, either built in or provided
|
|
|
556 with a \fB\-D\fR option.
|
|
|
557 .Sh "Options to request or suppress errors and warnings"
|
|
|
558 .IX Subsection "Options to request or suppress errors and warnings"
|
|
|
559 Errors are diagnostic messages that report that the \s-1GNU\s0 Fortran compiler
|
|
|
560 cannot compile the relevant piece of source code. The compiler will
|
|
|
561 continue to process the program in an attempt to report further errors
|
|
|
562 to aid in debugging, but will not produce any compiled output.
|
|
|
563 .PP
|
|
|
564 Warnings are diagnostic messages that report constructions which
|
|
|
565 are not inherently erroneous but which are risky or suggest there is
|
|
|
566 likely to be a bug in the program. Unless \fB\-Werror\fR is specified,
|
|
|
567 they do not prevent compilation of the program.
|
|
|
568 .PP
|
|
|
569 You can request many specific warnings with options beginning \fB\-W\fR,
|
|
|
570 for example \fB\-Wimplicit\fR to request warnings on implicit
|
|
|
571 declarations. Each of these specific warning options also has a
|
|
|
572 negative form beginning \fB\-Wno\-\fR to turn off warnings;
|
|
|
573 for example, \fB\-Wno\-implicit\fR. This manual lists only one of the
|
|
|
574 two forms, whichever is not the default.
|
|
|
575 .PP
|
|
|
576 These options control the amount and kinds of errors and warnings produced
|
|
|
577 by \s-1GNU\s0 Fortran:
|
|
|
578 .IP "\fB\-fmax\-errors=\fR\fIn\fR" 4
|
|
|
579 .IX Item "-fmax-errors=n"
|
|
|
580 Limits the maximum number of error messages to \fIn\fR, at which point
|
|
|
581 \&\s-1GNU\s0 Fortran bails out rather than attempting to continue processing the
|
|
|
582 source code. If \fIn\fR is 0, there is no limit on the number of error
|
|
|
583 messages produced.
|
|
|
584 .IP "\fB\-fsyntax\-only\fR" 4
|
|
|
585 .IX Item "-fsyntax-only"
|
|
|
586 Check the code for syntax errors, but don't actually compile it. This
|
|
|
587 will generate module files for each module present in the code, but no
|
|
|
588 other output file.
|
|
|
589 .IP "\fB\-pedantic\fR" 4
|
|
|
590 .IX Item "-pedantic"
|
|
|
591 Issue warnings for uses of extensions to Fortran 95.
|
|
|
592 \&\fB\-pedantic\fR also applies to C\-language constructs where they
|
|
|
593 occur in \s-1GNU\s0 Fortran source files, such as use of \fB\ee\fR in a
|
|
|
594 character constant within a directive like \f(CW\*(C`#include\*(C'\fR.
|
|
|
595 .Sp
|
|
|
596 Valid Fortran 95 programs should compile properly with or without
|
|
|
597 this option.
|
|
|
598 However, without this option, certain \s-1GNU\s0 extensions and traditional
|
|
|
599 Fortran features are supported as well.
|
|
|
600 With this option, many of them are rejected.
|
|
|
601 .Sp
|
|
|
602 Some users try to use \fB\-pedantic\fR to check programs for conformance.
|
|
|
603 They soon find that it does not do quite what they want\-\-\-it finds some
|
|
|
604 nonstandard practices, but not all.
|
|
|
605 However, improvements to \s-1GNU\s0 Fortran in this area are welcome.
|
|
|
606 .Sp
|
|
|
607 This should be used in conjunction with \fB\-std=f95\fR,
|
|
|
608 \&\fB\-std=f2003\fR or \fB\-std=f2008\fR.
|
|
|
609 .IP "\fB\-pedantic\-errors\fR" 4
|
|
|
610 .IX Item "-pedantic-errors"
|
|
|
611 Like \fB\-pedantic\fR, except that errors are produced rather than
|
|
|
612 warnings.
|
|
|
613 .IP "\fB\-Wall\fR" 4
|
|
|
614 .IX Item "-Wall"
|
|
|
615 Enables commonly used warning options pertaining to usage that
|
|
|
616 we recommend avoiding and that we believe are easy to avoid.
|
|
|
617 This currently includes \fB\-Waliasing\fR,
|
|
|
618 \&\fB\-Wampersand\fR, \fB\-Wsurprising\fR, \fB\-Wintrinsics\-std\fR,
|
|
|
619 \&\fB\-Wno\-tabs\fR, \fB\-Wintrinsic\-shadow\fR and \fB\-Wline\-truncation\fR.
|
|
|
620 .IP "\fB\-Waliasing\fR" 4
|
|
|
621 .IX Item "-Waliasing"
|
|
|
622 Warn about possible aliasing of dummy arguments. Specifically, it warns
|
|
|
623 if the same actual argument is associated with a dummy argument with
|
|
|
624 \&\f(CW\*(C`INTENT(IN)\*(C'\fR and a dummy argument with \f(CW\*(C`INTENT(OUT)\*(C'\fR in a call
|
|
|
625 with an explicit interface.
|
|
|
626 .Sp
|
|
|
627 The following example will trigger the warning.
|
|
|
628 .Sp
|
|
|
629 .Vb 7
|
|
|
630 \& interface
|
|
|
631 \& subroutine bar(a,b)
|
|
|
632 \& integer, intent(in) :: a
|
|
|
633 \& integer, intent(out) :: b
|
|
|
634 \& end subroutine
|
|
|
635 \& end interface
|
|
|
636 \& integer :: a
|
|
|
637 \&
|
|
|
638 \& call bar(a,a)
|
|
|
639 .Ve
|
|
|
640 .IP "\fB\-Wampersand\fR" 4
|
|
|
641 .IX Item "-Wampersand"
|
|
|
642 Warn about missing ampersand in continued character constants. The warning is
|
|
|
643 given with \fB\-Wampersand\fR, \fB\-pedantic\fR, \fB\-std=f95\fR,
|
|
|
644 \&\fB\-std=f2003\fR and \fB\-std=f2008\fR. Note: With no ampersand
|
|
|
645 given in a continued character constant, \s-1GNU\s0 Fortran assumes continuation
|
|
|
646 at the first non-comment, non-whitespace character after the ampersand
|
|
|
647 that initiated the continuation.
|
|
|
648 .IP "\fB\-Warray\-temporaries\fR" 4
|
|
|
649 .IX Item "-Warray-temporaries"
|
|
|
650 Warn about array temporaries generated by the compiler. The information
|
|
|
651 generated by this warning is sometimes useful in optimization, in order to
|
|
|
652 avoid such temporaries.
|
|
|
653 .IP "\fB\-Wcharacter\-truncation\fR" 4
|
|
|
654 .IX Item "-Wcharacter-truncation"
|
|
|
655 Warn when a character assignment will truncate the assigned string.
|
|
|
656 .IP "\fB\-Wline\-truncation\fR" 4
|
|
|
657 .IX Item "-Wline-truncation"
|
|
|
658 Warn when a source code line will be truncated.
|
|
|
659 .IP "\fB\-Wconversion\fR" 4
|
|
|
660 .IX Item "-Wconversion"
|
|
|
661 Warn about implicit conversions between different types.
|
|
|
662 .IP "\fB\-Wimplicit\-interface\fR" 4
|
|
|
663 .IX Item "-Wimplicit-interface"
|
|
|
664 Warn if a procedure is called without an explicit interface.
|
|
|
665 Note this only checks that an explicit interface is present. It does not
|
|
|
666 check that the declared interfaces are consistent across program units.
|
|
|
667 .IP "\fB\-Wintrinsics\-std\fR" 4
|
|
|
668 .IX Item "-Wintrinsics-std"
|
|
|
669 Warn if \fBgfortran\fR finds a procedure named like an intrinsic not
|
|
|
670 available in the currently selected standard (with \fB\-std\fR) and treats
|
|
|
671 it as \f(CW\*(C`EXTERNAL\*(C'\fR procedure because of this. \fB\-fall\-intrinsics\fR can
|
|
|
672 be used to never trigger this behaviour and always link to the intrinsic
|
|
|
673 regardless of the selected standard.
|
|
|
674 .IP "\fB\-Wsurprising\fR" 4
|
|
|
675 .IX Item "-Wsurprising"
|
|
|
676 Produce a warning when \*(L"suspicious\*(R" code constructs are encountered.
|
|
|
677 While technically legal these usually indicate that an error has been made.
|
|
|
678 .Sp
|
|
|
679 This currently produces a warning under the following circumstances:
|
|
|
680 .RS 4
|
|
|
681 .IP "\(bu" 4
|
|
|
682 An \s-1INTEGER\s0 \s-1SELECT\s0 construct has a \s-1CASE\s0 that can never be matched as its
|
|
|
683 lower value is greater than its upper value.
|
|
|
684 .IP "\(bu" 4
|
|
|
685 A \s-1LOGICAL\s0 \s-1SELECT\s0 construct has three \s-1CASE\s0 statements.
|
|
|
686 .IP "\(bu" 4
|
|
|
687 A \s-1TRANSFER\s0 specifies a source that is shorter than the destination.
|
|
|
688 .IP "\(bu" 4
|
|
|
689 The type of a function result is declared more than once with the same type. If
|
|
|
690 \&\fB\-pedantic\fR or standard-conforming mode is enabled, this is an error.
|
|
|
691 .RE
|
|
|
692 .RS 4
|
|
|
693 .RE
|
|
|
694 .IP "\fB\-Wtabs\fR" 4
|
|
|
695 .IX Item "-Wtabs"
|
|
|
696 By default, tabs are accepted as whitespace, but tabs are not members
|
|
|
697 of the Fortran Character Set. For continuation lines, a tab followed
|
|
|
698 by a digit between 1 and 9 is supported. \fB\-Wno\-tabs\fR will cause
|
|
|
699 a warning to be issued if a tab is encountered. Note, \fB\-Wno\-tabs\fR
|
|
|
700 is active for \fB\-pedantic\fR, \fB\-std=f95\fR, \fB\-std=f2003\fR,
|
|
|
701 \&\fB\-std=f2008\fR and \fB\-Wall\fR.
|
|
|
702 .IP "\fB\-Wunderflow\fR" 4
|
|
|
703 .IX Item "-Wunderflow"
|
|
|
704 Produce a warning when numerical constant expressions are
|
|
|
705 encountered, which yield an \s-1UNDERFLOW\s0 during compilation.
|
|
|
706 .IP "\fB\-Wintrinsic\-shadow\fR" 4
|
|
|
707 .IX Item "-Wintrinsic-shadow"
|
|
|
708 Warn if a user-defined procedure or module procedure has the same name as an
|
|
|
709 intrinsic; in this case, an explicit interface or \f(CW\*(C`EXTERNAL\*(C'\fR or
|
|
|
710 \&\f(CW\*(C`INTRINSIC\*(C'\fR declaration might be needed to get calls later resolved to
|
|
|
711 the desired intrinsic/procedure.
|
|
|
712 .IP "\fB\-Wunused\-parameter\fR" 4
|
|
|
713 .IX Item "-Wunused-parameter"
|
|
|
714 Contrary to \fBgcc\fR's meaning of \fB\-Wunused\-parameter\fR,
|
|
|
715 \&\fBgfortran\fR's implementation of this option does not warn
|
|
|
716 about unused dummy arguments, but about unused \f(CW\*(C`PARAMETER\*(C'\fR values.
|
|
|
717 \&\fB\-Wunused\-parameter\fR is not included in \fB\-Wall\fR but is
|
|
|
718 implied by \fB\-Wall \-Wextra\fR.
|
|
|
719 .IP "\fB\-Walign\-commons\fR" 4
|
|
|
720 .IX Item "-Walign-commons"
|
|
|
721 By default, \fBgfortran\fR warns about any occasion of variables being
|
|
|
722 padded for proper alignment inside a \s-1COMMON\s0 block. This warning can be turned
|
|
|
723 off via \fB\-Wno\-align\-commons\fR. See also \fB\-falign\-commons\fR.
|
|
|
724 .IP "\fB\-Werror\fR" 4
|
|
|
725 .IX Item "-Werror"
|
|
|
726 Turns all warnings into errors.
|
|
|
727 .PP
|
|
|
728 Some of these have no effect when compiling programs written in Fortran.
|
|
|
729 .Sh "Options for debugging your program or \s-1GNU\s0 Fortran"
|
|
|
730 .IX Subsection "Options for debugging your program or GNU Fortran"
|
|
|
731 \&\s-1GNU\s0 Fortran has various special options that are used for debugging
|
|
|
732 either your program or the \s-1GNU\s0 Fortran compiler.
|
|
|
733 .IP "\fB\-fdump\-parse\-tree\fR" 4
|
|
|
734 .IX Item "-fdump-parse-tree"
|
|
|
735 Output the internal parse tree before starting code generation. Only
|
|
|
736 really useful for debugging the \s-1GNU\s0 Fortran compiler itself.
|
|
|
737 .IP "\fB\-ffpe\-trap=\fR\fIlist\fR" 4
|
|
|
738 .IX Item "-ffpe-trap=list"
|
|
|
739 Specify a list of \s-1IEEE\s0 exceptions when a Floating Point Exception
|
|
|
740 (\s-1FPE\s0) should be raised. On most systems, this will result in a \s-1SIGFPE\s0
|
|
|
741 signal being sent and the program being interrupted, producing a core
|
|
|
742 file useful for debugging. \fIlist\fR is a (possibly empty) comma-separated
|
|
|
743 list of the following \s-1IEEE\s0 exceptions: \fBinvalid\fR (invalid floating
|
|
|
744 point operation, such as \f(CW\*(C`SQRT(\-1.0)\*(C'\fR), \fBzero\fR (division by
|
|
|
745 zero), \fBoverflow\fR (overflow in a floating point operation),
|
|
|
746 \&\fBunderflow\fR (underflow in a floating point operation),
|
|
|
747 \&\fBprecision\fR (loss of precision during operation) and \fBdenormal\fR
|
|
|
748 (operation produced a denormal value).
|
|
|
749 .Sp
|
|
|
750 Some of the routines in the Fortran runtime library, like
|
|
|
751 \&\fB\s-1CPU_TIME\s0\fR, are likely to trigger floating point exceptions when
|
|
|
752 \&\f(CW\*(C`ffpe\-trap=precision\*(C'\fR is used. For this reason, the use of
|
|
|
753 \&\f(CW\*(C`ffpe\-trap=precision\*(C'\fR is not recommended.
|
|
|
754 .IP "\fB\-fbacktrace\fR" 4
|
|
|
755 .IX Item "-fbacktrace"
|
|
|
756 Specify that, when a runtime error is encountered or a deadly signal is
|
|
|
757 emitted (segmentation fault, illegal instruction, bus error or
|
|
|
758 floating-point exception), the Fortran runtime
|
|
|
759 library should output a backtrace of the error. This option
|
|
|
760 only has influence for compilation of the Fortran main program.
|
|
|
761 .IP "\fB\-fdump\-core\fR" 4
|
|
|
762 .IX Item "-fdump-core"
|
|
|
763 Request that a core-dump file is written to disk when a runtime error
|
|
|
764 is encountered on systems that support core dumps. This option is
|
|
|
765 only effective for the compilation of the Fortran main program.
|
|
|
766 .Sh "Options for directory search"
|
|
|
767 .IX Subsection "Options for directory search"
|
|
|
768 These options affect how \s-1GNU\s0 Fortran searches
|
|
|
769 for files specified by the \f(CW\*(C`INCLUDE\*(C'\fR directive and where it searches
|
|
|
770 for previously compiled modules.
|
|
|
771 .PP
|
|
|
772 It also affects the search paths used by \fBcpp\fR when used to preprocess
|
|
|
773 Fortran source.
|
|
|
774 .IP "\fB\-I\fR\fIdir\fR" 4
|
|
|
775 .IX Item "-Idir"
|
|
|
776 These affect interpretation of the \f(CW\*(C`INCLUDE\*(C'\fR directive
|
|
|
777 (as well as of the \f(CW\*(C`#include\*(C'\fR directive of the \fBcpp\fR
|
|
|
778 preprocessor).
|
|
|
779 .Sp
|
|
|
780 Also note that the general behavior of \fB\-I\fR and
|
|
|
781 \&\f(CW\*(C`INCLUDE\*(C'\fR is pretty much the same as of \fB\-I\fR with
|
|
|
782 \&\f(CW\*(C`#include\*(C'\fR in the \fBcpp\fR preprocessor, with regard to
|
|
|
783 looking for \fIheader.gcc\fR files and other such things.
|
|
|
784 .Sp
|
|
|
785 This path is also used to search for \fI.mod\fR files when previously
|
|
|
786 compiled modules are required by a \f(CW\*(C`USE\*(C'\fR statement.
|
|
|
787 .IP "\fB\-J\fR\fIdir\fR" 4
|
|
|
788 .IX Item "-Jdir"
|
|
|
789 .PD 0
|
|
|
790 .IP "\fB\-M\fR\fIdir\fR" 4
|
|
|
791 .IX Item "-Mdir"
|
|
|
792 .PD
|
|
|
793 This option specifies where to put \fI.mod\fR files for compiled modules.
|
|
|
794 It is also added to the list of directories to searched by an \f(CW\*(C`USE\*(C'\fR
|
|
|
795 statement.
|
|
|
796 .Sp
|
|
|
797 The default is the current directory.
|
|
|
798 .Sp
|
|
|
799 \&\fB\-M\fR is deprecated to avoid conflicts with existing \s-1GCC\s0 options.
|
|
|
800 .IP "\fB\-fintrinsic\-modules\-path\fR \fIdir\fR" 4
|
|
|
801 .IX Item "-fintrinsic-modules-path dir"
|
|
|
802 This option specifies the location of pre-compiled intrinsic modules, if
|
|
|
803 they are not in the default location expected by the compiler.
|
|
|
804 .Sh "Influencing the linking step"
|
|
|
805 .IX Subsection "Influencing the linking step"
|
|
|
806 These options come into play when the compiler links object files into an
|
|
|
807 executable output file. They are meaningless if the compiler is not doing
|
|
|
808 a link step.
|
|
|
809 .IP "\fB\-static\-libgfortran\fR" 4
|
|
|
810 .IX Item "-static-libgfortran"
|
|
|
811 On systems that provide \fIlibgfortran\fR as a shared and a static
|
|
|
812 library, this option forces the use of the static version. If no
|
|
|
813 shared version of \fIlibgfortran\fR was built when the compiler was
|
|
|
814 configured, this option has no effect.
|
|
|
815 .Sh "Influencing runtime behavior"
|
|
|
816 .IX Subsection "Influencing runtime behavior"
|
|
|
817 These options affect the runtime behavior of programs compiled with \s-1GNU\s0 Fortran.
|
|
|
818 .IP "\fB\-fconvert=\fR\fIconversion\fR" 4
|
|
|
819 .IX Item "-fconvert=conversion"
|
|
|
820 Specify the representation of data for unformatted files. Valid
|
|
|
821 values for conversion are: \fBnative\fR, the default; \fBswap\fR,
|
|
|
822 swap between big\- and little-endian; \fBbig-endian\fR, use big-endian
|
|
|
823 representation for unformatted files; \fBlittle-endian\fR, use little-endian
|
|
|
824 representation for unformatted files.
|
|
|
825 .Sp
|
|
|
826 \&\fIThis option has an effect only when used in the main program.
|
|
|
827 The \f(CI\*(C`CONVERT\*(C'\fI specifier and the \s-1GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT\s0 environment
|
|
|
828 variable override the default specified by \f(BI\-fconvert\fI.\fR
|
|
|
829 .IP "\fB\-fno\-range\-check\fR" 4
|
|
|
830 .IX Item "-fno-range-check"
|
|
|
831 Disable range checking of input values during integer \f(CW\*(C`READ\*(C'\fR operations.
|
|
|
832 For example, \s-1GNU\s0 Fortran will give an error if an input value is
|
|
|
833 outside of the relevant range of [\f(CW\*(C`\-HUGE()\*(C'\fR:\f(CW\*(C`HUGE()\*(C'\fR]. In other words,
|
|
|
834 with \f(CW\*(C`INTEGER (kind=4) :: i\*(C'\fR , attempting to read \-2147483648 will
|
|
|
835 give an error unless \fB\-fno\-range\-check\fR is given.
|
|
|
836 .IP "\fB\-frecord\-marker=\fR\fIlength\fR" 4
|
|
|
837 .IX Item "-frecord-marker=length"
|
|
|
838 Specify the length of record markers for unformatted files.
|
|
|
839 Valid values for \fIlength\fR are 4 and 8. Default is 4.
|
|
|
840 \&\fIThis is different from previous versions of\fR \fBgfortran\fR,
|
|
|
841 which specified a default record marker length of 8 on most
|
|
|
842 systems. If you want to read or write files compatible
|
|
|
843 with earlier versions of \fBgfortran\fR, use \fB\-frecord\-marker=8\fR.
|
|
|
844 .IP "\fB\-fmax\-subrecord\-length=\fR\fIlength\fR" 4
|
|
|
845 .IX Item "-fmax-subrecord-length=length"
|
|
|
846 Specify the maximum length for a subrecord. The maximum permitted
|
|
|
847 value for length is 2147483639, which is also the default. Only
|
|
|
848 really useful for use by the gfortran testsuite.
|
|
|
849 .IP "\fB\-fsign\-zero\fR" 4
|
|
|
850 .IX Item "-fsign-zero"
|
|
|
851 When writing zero values, show the negative sign if the sign bit is set.
|
|
|
852 \&\f(CW\*(C`fno\-sign\-zero\*(C'\fR does not print the negative sign of zero values for
|
|
|
853 compatibility with F77. Default behavior is to show the negative sign.
|
|
|
854 .Sh "Options for code generation conventions"
|
|
|
855 .IX Subsection "Options for code generation conventions"
|
|
|
856 These machine-independent options control the interface conventions
|
|
|
857 used in code generation.
|
|
|
858 .PP
|
|
|
859 Most of them have both positive and negative forms; the negative form
|
|
|
860 of \fB\-ffoo\fR would be \fB\-fno\-foo\fR. In the table below, only
|
|
|
861 one of the forms is listed\-\-\-the one which is not the default. You
|
|
|
862 can figure out the other form by either removing \fBno\-\fR or adding
|
|
|
863 it.
|
|
|
864 .IP "\fB\-fno\-automatic\fR" 4
|
|
|
865 .IX Item "-fno-automatic"
|
|
|
866 Treat each program unit (except those marked as \s-1RECURSIVE\s0) as if the
|
|
|
867 \&\f(CW\*(C`SAVE\*(C'\fR statement were specified for every local variable and array
|
|
|
868 referenced in it. Does not affect common blocks. (Some Fortran compilers
|
|
|
869 provide this option under the name \fB\-static\fR or \fB\-save\fR.)
|
|
|
870 The default, which is \fB\-fautomatic\fR, uses the stack for local
|
|
|
871 variables smaller than the value given by \fB\-fmax\-stack\-var\-size\fR.
|
|
|
872 Use the option \fB\-frecursive\fR to use no static memory.
|
|
|
873 .IP "\fB\-ff2c\fR" 4
|
|
|
874 .IX Item "-ff2c"
|
|
|
875 Generate code designed to be compatible with code generated
|
|
|
876 by \fBg77\fR and \fBf2c\fR.
|
|
|
877 .Sp
|
|
|
878 The calling conventions used by \fBg77\fR (originally implemented
|
|
|
879 in \fBf2c\fR) require functions that return type
|
|
|
880 default \f(CW\*(C`REAL\*(C'\fR to actually return the C type \f(CW\*(C`double\*(C'\fR, and
|
|
|
881 functions that return type \f(CW\*(C`COMPLEX\*(C'\fR to return the values via an
|
|
|
882 extra argument in the calling sequence that points to where to
|
|
|
883 store the return value. Under the default \s-1GNU\s0 calling conventions, such
|
|
|
884 functions simply return their results as they would in \s-1GNU\s0
|
|
|
885 C\-\-\-default \f(CW\*(C`REAL\*(C'\fR functions return the C type \f(CW\*(C`float\*(C'\fR, and
|
|
|
886 \&\f(CW\*(C`COMPLEX\*(C'\fR functions return the \s-1GNU\s0 C type \f(CW\*(C`complex\*(C'\fR.
|
|
|
887 Additionally, this option implies the \fB\-fsecond\-underscore\fR
|
|
|
888 option, unless \fB\-fno\-second\-underscore\fR is explicitly requested.
|
|
|
889 .Sp
|
|
|
890 This does not affect the generation of code that interfaces with
|
|
|
891 the \fBlibgfortran\fR library.
|
|
|
892 .Sp
|
|
|
893 \&\fICaution:\fR It is not a good idea to mix Fortran code compiled with
|
|
|
894 \&\fB\-ff2c\fR with code compiled with the default \fB\-fno\-f2c\fR
|
|
|
895 calling conventions as, calling \f(CW\*(C`COMPLEX\*(C'\fR or default \f(CW\*(C`REAL\*(C'\fR
|
|
|
896 functions between program parts which were compiled with different
|
|
|
897 calling conventions will break at execution time.
|
|
|
898 .Sp
|
|
|
899 \&\fICaution:\fR This will break code which passes intrinsic functions
|
|
|
900 of type default \f(CW\*(C`REAL\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`COMPLEX\*(C'\fR as actual arguments, as
|
|
|
901 the library implementations use the \fB\-fno\-f2c\fR calling conventions.
|
|
|
902 .IP "\fB\-fno\-underscoring\fR" 4
|
|
|
903 .IX Item "-fno-underscoring"
|
|
|
904 Do not transform names of entities specified in the Fortran
|
|
|
905 source file by appending underscores to them.
|
|
|
906 .Sp
|
|
|
907 With \fB\-funderscoring\fR in effect, \s-1GNU\s0 Fortran appends one
|
|
|
908 underscore to external names with no underscores. This is done to ensure
|
|
|
909 compatibility with code produced by many \s-1UNIX\s0 Fortran compilers.
|
|
|
910 .Sp
|
|
|
911 \&\fICaution\fR: The default behavior of \s-1GNU\s0 Fortran is
|
|
|
912 incompatible with \fBf2c\fR and \fBg77\fR, please use the
|
|
|
913 \&\fB\-ff2c\fR option if you want object files compiled with
|
|
|
914 \&\s-1GNU\s0 Fortran to be compatible with object code created with these
|
|
|
915 tools.
|
|
|
916 .Sp
|
|
|
917 Use of \fB\-fno\-underscoring\fR is not recommended unless you are
|
|
|
918 experimenting with issues such as integration of \s-1GNU\s0 Fortran into
|
|
|
919 existing system environments (vis\-@`{a}\-vis existing libraries, tools,
|
|
|
920 and so on).
|
|
|
921 .Sp
|
|
|
922 For example, with \fB\-funderscoring\fR, and assuming other defaults like
|
|
|
923 \&\fB\-fcase\-lower\fR and that \f(CW\*(C`j()\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`max_count()\*(C'\fR are
|
|
|
924 external functions while \f(CW\*(C`my_var\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`lvar\*(C'\fR are local variables,
|
|
|
925 a statement like
|
|
|
926 .Sp
|
|
|
927 .Vb 1
|
|
|
928 \& I = J() + MAX_COUNT (MY_VAR, LVAR)
|
|
|
929 .Ve
|
|
|
930 .Sp
|
|
|
931 is implemented as something akin to:
|
|
|
932 .Sp
|
|
|
933 .Vb 1
|
|
|
934 \& i = j_() + max_count_\|_(&my_var_\|_, &lvar);
|
|
|
935 .Ve
|
|
|
936 .Sp
|
|
|
937 With \fB\-fno\-underscoring\fR, the same statement is implemented as:
|
|
|
938 .Sp
|
|
|
939 .Vb 1
|
|
|
940 \& i = j() + max_count(&my_var, &lvar);
|
|
|
941 .Ve
|
|
|
942 .Sp
|
|
|
943 Use of \fB\-fno\-underscoring\fR allows direct specification of
|
|
|
944 user-defined names while debugging and when interfacing \s-1GNU\s0 Fortran
|
|
|
945 code with other languages.
|
|
|
946 .Sp
|
|
|
947 Note that just because the names match does \fInot\fR mean that the
|
|
|
948 interface implemented by \s-1GNU\s0 Fortran for an external name matches the
|
|
|
949 interface implemented by some other language for that same name.
|
|
|
950 That is, getting code produced by \s-1GNU\s0 Fortran to link to code produced
|
|
|
951 by some other compiler using this or any other method can be only a
|
|
|
952 small part of the overall solution\-\-\-getting the code generated by
|
|
|
953 both compilers to agree on issues other than naming can require
|
|
|
954 significant effort, and, unlike naming disagreements, linkers normally
|
|
|
955 cannot detect disagreements in these other areas.
|
|
|
956 .Sp
|
|
|
957 Also, note that with \fB\-fno\-underscoring\fR, the lack of appended
|
|
|
958 underscores introduces the very real possibility that a user-defined
|
|
|
959 external name will conflict with a name in a system library, which
|
|
|
960 could make finding unresolved-reference bugs quite difficult in some
|
|
|
961 cases\-\-\-they might occur at program run time, and show up only as
|
|
|
962 buggy behavior at run time.
|
|
|
963 .Sp
|
|
|
964 In future versions of \s-1GNU\s0 Fortran we hope to improve naming and linking
|
|
|
965 issues so that debugging always involves using the names as they appear
|
|
|
966 in the source, even if the names as seen by the linker are mangled to
|
|
|
967 prevent accidental linking between procedures with incompatible
|
|
|
968 interfaces.
|
|
|
969 .IP "\fB\-fsecond\-underscore\fR" 4
|
|
|
970 .IX Item "-fsecond-underscore"
|
|
|
971 By default, \s-1GNU\s0 Fortran appends an underscore to external
|
|
|
972 names. If this option is used \s-1GNU\s0 Fortran appends two
|
|
|
973 underscores to names with underscores and one underscore to external names
|
|
|
974 with no underscores. \s-1GNU\s0 Fortran also appends two underscores to
|
|
|
975 internal names with underscores to avoid naming collisions with external
|
|
|
976 names.
|
|
|
977 .Sp
|
|
|
978 This option has no effect if \fB\-fno\-underscoring\fR is
|
|
|
979 in effect. It is implied by the \fB\-ff2c\fR option.
|
|
|
980 .Sp
|
|
|
981 Otherwise, with this option, an external name such as \f(CW\*(C`MAX_COUNT\*(C'\fR
|
|
|
982 is implemented as a reference to the link-time external symbol
|
|
|
983 \&\f(CW\*(C`max_count_\|_\*(C'\fR, instead of \f(CW\*(C`max_count_\*(C'\fR. This is required
|
|
|
984 for compatibility with \fBg77\fR and \fBf2c\fR, and is implied
|
|
|
985 by use of the \fB\-ff2c\fR option.
|
|
|
986 .IP "\fB\-fbounds\-check\fR" 4
|
|
|
987 .IX Item "-fbounds-check"
|
|
|
988 Enable generation of run-time checks for array subscripts
|
|
|
989 and against the declared minimum and maximum values. It also
|
|
|
990 checks array indices for assumed and deferred
|
|
|
991 shape arrays against the actual allocated bounds and ensures that all string
|
|
|
992 lengths are equal for character array constructors without an explicit
|
|
|
993 typespec.
|
|
|
994 .Sp
|
|
|
995 Some checks require that \fB\-fbounds\-check\fR is set for
|
|
|
996 the compilation of the main program.
|
|
|
997 .Sp
|
|
|
998 Note: In the future this may also include other forms of checking, e.g.,
|
|
|
999 checking substring references.
|
|
|
1000 .IP "\fBfcheck-array-temporaries\fR" 4
|
|
|
1001 .IX Item "fcheck-array-temporaries"
|
|
|
1002 Warns at run time when for passing an actual argument a temporary array
|
|
|
1003 had to be generated. The information generated by this warning is
|
|
|
1004 sometimes useful in optimization, in order to avoid such temporaries.
|
|
|
1005 .Sp
|
|
|
1006 Note: The warning is only printed once per location.
|
|
|
1007 .IP "\fB\-fmax\-array\-constructor=\fR\fIn\fR" 4
|
|
|
1008 .IX Item "-fmax-array-constructor=n"
|
|
|
1009 This option can be used to increase the upper limit permitted in
|
|
|
1010 array constructors. The code below requires this option to expand
|
|
|
1011 the array at compile time.
|
|
|
1012 .Sp
|
|
|
1013 .Vb 7
|
|
|
1014 \& C<program test>
|
|
|
1015 \& C<implicit none>
|
|
|
1016 \& C<integer j>
|
|
|
1017 \& C<integer, parameter :: n = 100000>
|
|
|
1018 \& C<integer, parameter :: i(n) = (/ (2*j, j = 1, n) /)>
|
|
|
1019 \& C<print \*(Aq(10(I0,1X))\*(Aq, i>
|
|
|
1020 \& C<end program test>
|
|
|
1021 .Ve
|
|
|
1022 .Sp
|
|
|
1023 \&\fICaution: This option can lead to long compile times and excessively
|
|
|
1024 large object files.\fR
|
|
|
1025 .Sp
|
|
|
1026 The default value for \fIn\fR is 65535.
|
|
|
1027 .IP "\fB\-fmax\-stack\-var\-size=\fR\fIn\fR" 4
|
|
|
1028 .IX Item "-fmax-stack-var-size=n"
|
|
|
1029 This option specifies the size in bytes of the largest array that will be put
|
|
|
1030 on the stack; if the size is exceeded static memory is used (except in
|
|
|
1031 procedures marked as \s-1RECURSIVE\s0). Use the option \fB\-frecursive\fR to
|
|
|
1032 allow for recursive procedures which do not have a \s-1RECURSIVE\s0 attribute or
|
|
|
1033 for parallel programs. Use \fB\-fno\-automatic\fR to never use the stack.
|
|
|
1034 .Sp
|
|
|
1035 This option currently only affects local arrays declared with constant
|
|
|
1036 bounds, and may not apply to all character variables.
|
|
|
1037 Future versions of \s-1GNU\s0 Fortran may improve this behavior.
|
|
|
1038 .Sp
|
|
|
1039 The default value for \fIn\fR is 32768.
|
|
|
1040 .IP "\fB\-fpack\-derived\fR" 4
|
|
|
1041 .IX Item "-fpack-derived"
|
|
|
1042 This option tells \s-1GNU\s0 Fortran to pack derived type members as closely as
|
|
|
1043 possible. Code compiled with this option is likely to be incompatible
|
|
|
1044 with code compiled without this option, and may execute slower.
|
|
|
1045 .IP "\fB\-frepack\-arrays\fR" 4
|
|
|
1046 .IX Item "-frepack-arrays"
|
|
|
1047 In some circumstances \s-1GNU\s0 Fortran may pass assumed shape array
|
|
|
1048 sections via a descriptor describing a noncontiguous area of memory.
|
|
|
1049 This option adds code to the function prologue to repack the data into
|
|
|
1050 a contiguous block at runtime.
|
|
|
1051 .Sp
|
|
|
1052 This should result in faster accesses to the array. However it can introduce
|
|
|
1053 significant overhead to the function call, especially when the passed data
|
|
|
1054 is noncontiguous.
|
|
|
1055 .IP "\fB\-fshort\-enums\fR" 4
|
|
|
1056 .IX Item "-fshort-enums"
|
|
|
1057 This option is provided for interoperability with C code that was
|
|
|
1058 compiled with the \fB\-fshort\-enums\fR option. It will make
|
|
|
1059 \&\s-1GNU\s0 Fortran choose the smallest \f(CW\*(C`INTEGER\*(C'\fR kind a given
|
|
|
1060 enumerator set will fit in, and give all its enumerators this kind.
|
|
|
1061 .IP "\fB\-fexternal\-blas\fR" 4
|
|
|
1062 .IX Item "-fexternal-blas"
|
|
|
1063 This option will make \fBgfortran\fR generate calls to \s-1BLAS\s0 functions
|
|
|
1064 for some matrix operations like \f(CW\*(C`MATMUL\*(C'\fR, instead of using our own
|
|
|
1065 algorithms, if the size of the matrices involved is larger than a given
|
|
|
1066 limit (see \fB\-fblas\-matmul\-limit\fR). This may be profitable if an
|
|
|
1067 optimized vendor \s-1BLAS\s0 library is available. The \s-1BLAS\s0 library will have
|
|
|
1068 to be specified at link time.
|
|
|
1069 .IP "\fB\-fblas\-matmul\-limit=\fR\fIn\fR" 4
|
|
|
1070 .IX Item "-fblas-matmul-limit=n"
|
|
|
1071 Only significant when \fB\-fexternal\-blas\fR is in effect.
|
|
|
1072 Matrix multiplication of matrices with size larger than (or equal to) \fIn\fR
|
|
|
1073 will be performed by calls to \s-1BLAS\s0 functions, while others will be
|
|
|
1074 handled by \fBgfortran\fR internal algorithms. If the matrices
|
|
|
1075 involved are not square, the size comparison is performed using the
|
|
|
1076 geometric mean of the dimensions of the argument and result matrices.
|
|
|
1077 .Sp
|
|
|
1078 The default value for \fIn\fR is 30.
|
|
|
1079 .IP "\fB\-frecursive\fR" 4
|
|
|
1080 .IX Item "-frecursive"
|
|
|
1081 Allow indirect recursion by forcing all local arrays to be allocated
|
|
|
1082 on the stack. This flag cannot be used together with
|
|
|
1083 \&\fB\-fmax\-stack\-var\-size=\fR or \fB\-fno\-automatic\fR.
|
|
|
1084 .IP "\fB\-finit\-local\-zero\fR" 4
|
|
|
1085 .IX Item "-finit-local-zero"
|
|
|
1086 .PD 0
|
|
|
1087 .IP "\fB\-finit\-integer=\fR\fIn\fR" 4
|
|
|
1088 .IX Item "-finit-integer=n"
|
|
|
1089 .IP "\fB\-finit\-real=\fR\fI<zero|inf|\-inf|nan>\fR\fB \fR" 4
|
|
|
1090 .IX Item "-finit-real=<zero|inf|-inf|nan> "
|
|
|
1091 .IP "\fB\-finit\-logical=\fR\fI<true|false>\fR" 4
|
|
|
1092 .IX Item "-finit-logical=<true|false>"
|
|
|
1093 .IP "\fB\-finit\-character=\fR\fIn\fR" 4
|
|
|
1094 .IX Item "-finit-character=n"
|
|
|
1095 .PD
|
|
|
1096 The \fB\-finit\-local\-zero\fR option instructs the compiler to
|
|
|
1097 initialize local \f(CW\*(C`INTEGER\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`REAL\*(C'\fR, and \f(CW\*(C`COMPLEX\*(C'\fR
|
|
|
1098 variables to zero, \f(CW\*(C`LOGICAL\*(C'\fR variables to false, and
|
|
|
1099 \&\f(CW\*(C`CHARACTER\*(C'\fR variables to a string of null bytes. Finer-grained
|
|
|
1100 initialization options are provided by the
|
|
|
1101 \&\fB\-finit\-integer=\fR\fIn\fR,
|
|
|
1102 \&\fB\-finit\-real=\fR\fI<zero|inf|\-inf|nan>\fR (which also initializes
|
|
|
1103 the real and imaginary parts of local \f(CW\*(C`COMPLEX\*(C'\fR variables),
|
|
|
1104 \&\fB\-finit\-logical=\fR\fI<true|false>\fR, and
|
|
|
1105 \&\fB\-finit\-character=\fR\fIn\fR (where \fIn\fR is an \s-1ASCII\s0 character
|
|
|
1106 value) options. These options do not initialize components of derived
|
|
|
1107 type variables, nor do they initialize variables that appear in an
|
|
|
1108 \&\f(CW\*(C`EQUIVALENCE\*(C'\fR statement. (This limitation may be removed in
|
|
|
1109 future releases).
|
|
|
1110 .Sp
|
|
|
1111 Note that the \fB\-finit\-real=nan\fR option initializes \f(CW\*(C`REAL\*(C'\fR
|
|
|
1112 and \f(CW\*(C`COMPLEX\*(C'\fR variables with a quiet NaN.
|
|
|
1113 .IP "\fB\-falign\-commons\fR" 4
|
|
|
1114 .IX Item "-falign-commons"
|
|
|
1115 By default, \fBgfortran\fR enforces proper alignment of all variables in a
|
|
|
1116 \&\s-1COMMON\s0 block by padding them as needed. On certain platforms this is mandatory,
|
|
|
1117 on others it increases performance. If a \s-1COMMON\s0 block is not declared with
|
|
|
1118 consistent data types everywhere, this padding can cause trouble, and
|
|
|
1119 \&\fB\-fno\-align\-commons\fR can be used to disable automatic alignment. The
|
|
|
1120 same form of this option should be used for all files that share a \s-1COMMON\s0 block.
|
|
|
1121 To avoid potential alignment issues in \s-1COMMON\s0 blocks, it is recommended to order
|
|
|
1122 objects from largests to smallest.
|
|
|
1123 .SH "ENVIRONMENT"
|
|
|
1124 .IX Header "ENVIRONMENT"
|
|
|
1125 The \fBgfortran\fR compiler currently does not make use of any environment
|
|
|
1126 variables to control its operation above and beyond those
|
|
|
1127 that affect the operation of \fBgcc\fR.
|
|
|
1128 .SH "BUGS"
|
|
|
1129 .IX Header "BUGS"
|
|
|
1130 For instructions on reporting bugs, see
|
|
|
1131 <\fBhttp://gcc.gnu.org/bugs.html\fR>.
|
|
|
1132 .SH "SEE ALSO"
|
|
|
1133 .IX Header "SEE ALSO"
|
|
|
1134 \&\fIgpl\fR\|(7), \fIgfdl\fR\|(7), \fIfsf\-funding\fR\|(7),
|
|
|
1135 \&\fIcpp\fR\|(1), \fIgcov\fR\|(1), \fIgcc\fR\|(1), \fIas\fR\|(1), \fIld\fR\|(1), \fIgdb\fR\|(1), \fIadb\fR\|(1), \fIdbx\fR\|(1), \fIsdb\fR\|(1)
|
|
|
1136 and the Info entries for \fIgcc\fR, \fIcpp\fR, \fIgfortran\fR, \fIas\fR,
|
|
|
1137 \&\fIld\fR, \fIbinutils\fR and \fIgdb\fR.
|
|
|
1138 .SH "AUTHOR"
|
|
|
1139 .IX Header "AUTHOR"
|
|
|
1140 See the Info entry for \fBgfortran\fR for contributors to \s-1GCC\s0 and
|
|
|
1141 \&\s-1GNU\s0 Fortran.
|
|
|
1142 .SH "COPYRIGHT"
|
|
|
1143 .IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
|
|
|
1144 Copyright (c) 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008
|
|
|
1145 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
|
|
|
1146 .PP
|
|
|
1147 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
|
|
|
1148 under the terms of the \s-1GNU\s0 Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or
|
|
|
1149 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
|
|
|
1150 Invariant Sections being \*(L"Funding Free Software\*(R", the Front-Cover
|
|
|
1151 Texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b)
|
|
|
1152 (see below). A copy of the license is included in the \fIgfdl\fR\|(7) man page.
|
|
|
1153 .PP
|
|
|
1154 (a) The \s-1FSF\s0's Front-Cover Text is:
|
|
|
1155 .PP
|
|
|
1156 .Vb 1
|
|
|
1157 \& A GNU Manual
|
|
|
1158 .Ve
|
|
|
1159 .PP
|
|
|
1160 (b) The \s-1FSF\s0's Back-Cover Text is:
|
|
|
1161 .PP
|
|
|
1162 .Vb 3
|
|
|
1163 \& You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU
|
|
|
1164 \& software. Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise
|
|
|
1165 \& funds for GNU development.
|
|
|
1166 .Ve
|
