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1 <?xml version="1.0" ?>
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2 <!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
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3 "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd">
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4 <!--
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5 The author has not been contacted about adding this article to the
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6 documentation set.
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7 -->
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8 <article>
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9 <articleinfo>
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10 <author><firstname>Doug</firstname><surname>DeMartinis</surname></author>
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11 <title>dEd</title>
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12 <subtitle>Disk Editor</subtitle>
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13 </articleinfo>
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14 <para>
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15 dEd is a screen-oriented disk editor utility written in
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16 assembly language. It was originally conceived as a floppy
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17 disk editor, so the display is organized around individual
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18 sectors. It performs most of the functions of Patch, from
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19 Computerware, but is faster, more compact, and
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20 screen-oriented rather than line-oriented. Individual files
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21 or the disk itself (hard, floppy, ram) can be examined and
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22 changed, sectors can be written to an output file, and
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23 executable modules can be located, linked to and verified.
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24 With simple changes, it will run on any CoCo Level I OS-9
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25 and possibly others (CoCo Level II OS-9).
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26 </para><para>
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27 To use, type:
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28 <screen>
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29 dEd <pathlist>
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30 </screen>
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31 where <pathlist> is of the form: filename or dirname
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32 or /path/filename
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33 or /D0@ (edits entire disk)
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34 </para><para>
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35 dEd will read in and display the first 256 bytes in the file
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36 (disk). This is Logical Sector Number (LSN) zero. You move
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37 through the file sector (LSN) by sector using the up and
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38 down arrow keys. The current LSN number is displayed in Hex
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39 and Decimal in the upper left corner of the screen. If the
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40 disk itself was accessed (by appending '@' to it's name when
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41 dEd was called), the LSN is the disk sector number. If an
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42 individual file is being editted, however, the LSN displayed
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43 refers to the file, not to the disk. All numbers requested
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44 by dEd must be in Hex format. All commands are accessed by
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45 simply pressing the desired key.
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46 </para>
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47 <table frame="none" pgwide="1">
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48 <title>Commands</title>
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49 <tgroup cols="2">
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50 <colspec colwidth="1.9in" colname="c1" />
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51 <colspec colwidth="4.0in" colname="c2" align="right"/>
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52 <spanspec spanname="all" namest="c1" nameend="c2"/>
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53 <tbody>
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54 <row>
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55 <entry>Up/Down Arrows</entry>
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56 <entry>Display Next/Previous Sector (LSN)</entry>
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57
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58 </row><row>
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59 <entry spanname="all">Each keypress moves the display to the next or previous 256
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60 bytes. Auto-repeat allows skimming quickly through the file.
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61 To halt the key-repeat, type Control-W to pause the display,
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62 then hit any key. The LSN displayed represents the
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63 most-significant byte of the offset of the bytes from the
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64 start of the file (module), so byte number $1457 would be
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65 found in LSN $14 on row 50, column 7.</entry>
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66
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67 </row><row>
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68 <entry>A Command</entry>
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69 <entry>APPEND Current LSN to Output File</entry>
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70
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71 </row><row>
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72 <entry spanname="all">This command writes the sector currently displayed to the
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73 file opened with the O command. Append is inactive unless an
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74 Output file has been created. This mode is useful for
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75 recovering files with unreadable sectors in them, as all the
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76 sectors before and after the crashed sector may be accessed
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77 and saved to a new file. Append also increments the display
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78 to the next LSN automatically to speed this process. At the
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79 end of a file, generally fewer than 256 bytes will be
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80 displayed, as the length of most files is not an even
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81 multiple of 256. The Append command will only write out the
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82 bytes that are displayed, and the display will remain on the
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83 same LSN. Pressing 'A' twice on the last LSN of a file
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84 results in it being written to the output file twice. </entry>
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85
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86 </row><row>
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87 <entry>C Command</entry>
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88 <entry>CLOSE Output File</entry>
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89
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90 </row><row>
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91 <entry spanname="all">This command closes the file opened with the O command and
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92 removes the file name from the display, making Append
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93 inactive.</entry>
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94
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95 </row><row>
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96 <entry>D Command</entry>
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97 <entry>Diddle with the File Length</entry>
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98
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99 </row><row>
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100 <entry spanname="all">This command displays the current file length, in Hex, then
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101 allows you to change it. This is potentially very dangerous
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102 (e.g. if you use it on loadable modules). If you just press
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103 <ENTER> at the prompt, you will be returned to the command
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104 mode (this is useful for just checking the file length). If
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105 you enter a valid length (number of BYTES, not sectors,
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106 in Hex), the file will be expanded or contracted to that
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107 length. This is useful for stripping the Control-Z's ($1A)
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108 off the end of files downloaded with the XModem protocol.
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109 Remember, the LENGTH of a file is 1 greater than the number
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110 of the last byte in the file (remember, counting from 0!)</entry>
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111
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112 </row><row>
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113 <entry>E Command</entry>
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114 <entry>EDIT the displayed Sector</entry>
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115
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116 </row><row>
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117 <entry spanname="all">This is the heart of dEd. The cursor will appear over the
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118 first byte or character in the LSN. If it's over the BYTE,
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119 you can change the value by typing 2 new nibbles in Hex,
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120 e.g. 6c. The display will be updated and the cursor will
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121 move to the next BYTE. If the cursor is over the CHARACTER
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122 part of the display, you can change the value by typing a
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123 new ASCII character. Again, the display will be updated and
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124 the cursor will shift to the next character. You switch
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125 between the BYTE and CHAR modes at any time by hitting the
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126 <BREAK> key, as noted at the bottom of the display. You
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127 navigate through the sector to individual BYTEs or CHARs
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128 using the 4 Arrow keys. The Right and Left Arrows wrap the
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129 cursor around to the next or previous row on the display.
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130 The Up and Down Arrows wrap around from top to bottom and
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131 vice-versa. Once you are done Editting, pressing <ENTER>
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132 will exit the Edit mode, as noted at the bottom of the
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133 display. As with Zap, the sector is NOT written back to the
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134 disk unless the Write command is then used (unless in Expert
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135 mode). </entry>
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136
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137 </row><row>
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138 <entry>F Command</entry>
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139 <entry>FIND</entry>
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140
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141 </row><row>
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142 <entry spanname="all"><para>This searches the file for a
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143 given character or byte string
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144 You will be prompted with 'Find byte string $'. Enter a
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145 series of up to 16 Hex bytes, without spaces (you MUST
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146 enter leading zeroes for the numbers 00 - $0F) then press
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147 <ENTER>. The search begins at the start of the LSN
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148 currently displayed. If a string is located that EXACTLY
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149 matches the string you input, the LSN in which it is
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150 located will be displayed, with the first byte/character in
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151 the string highlighted. By pressing the <BREAK> key at the
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152 prompt, you can toggle between the BYTE and CHARACTER
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153 search modes. In the character mode, the prompt is 'Find
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154 char string: '. Enter up to 16 ASCII characters, then press
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155 <ENTER>. In this mode, dEd will locate any string that
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156 matches the one you input, regardless of the Upper/Lower
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157 case status of either string. As well, characters with bit
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158 7 set (e.g. file names in directories) are treated as if
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159 bit 7 was clear. If no matching string is found, you are
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160 returned to the command prompt. If you enter an invalid
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161 character or byte string, a beep sounds and the same prompt
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162 is re-issued. If you just press <ENTER> at either prompt,
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163 you will be returned to the command mode.
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164 </para><para>
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165 If you wish to abort a search in progress, just press the
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166 <BREAK> key. This will simulate a "string not found" and
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167 return you to the CMD: prompt.</para></entry>
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168 </row><row>
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169 <entry>H (or '?') Command</entry>
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170 <entry>HELP</entry>
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171
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172 </row><row>
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173 <entry spanname="all">This displays a Help screen. </entry>
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174
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175 </row><row>
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176 <entry>L Command</entry>
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177 <entry>LINK to a Module/LIST Modules</entry>
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178
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179 </row><row>
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180 <entry spanname="all">If you are editting a file that consists of various
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181 executable modules merged together (e.g. OS9Boot), this
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182 command allows you to 'Link' to one of the modules. It will
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183 be treated as if it is an individual file, i.e. the start of
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184 the module will be displayed as LSN 0 and only THAT MODULE
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185 will be accessible for display and/or Editting. The LSN
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186 displayed is referenced to the MODULE, not to the main file
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187 or the disk. You will be prompted with 'Link to which
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188 Module? '. You may enter a valid name and press <ENTER>. If
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189 that module can be located AND if it's header information is
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190 correct, it will be 'Linked'. The top row of the display
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191 reflects this by displaying the module name and it's offset,
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192 in bytes, from the beginning of the main file. At the 'Link
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193 to which Module? ' prompt, if you just hit <ENTER>, all the
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194 valid modules and their offsets from the beginning of the
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195 main file as well as their lengths, in bytes Hex, will be
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196 Listed. Hitting any key after this redisplays the current
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197 LSN. The Link mode is useful for changing a given byte in a
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198 module using the offset one would use for Debug. For
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199 example, to permanently change the printer baud rate, you
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200 would call 'dEd /D0/OS9Boot'. Then hit 'L' for Link. At the
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201 prompt 'Link to which Module? ', Type P and hit <ENTER>. If
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202 P is in your OS9Boot file, the top row of the display will
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203 have MODULE: P and give the offset of it from the beginning
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204 of the OS9Boot file. Enter the Edit mode by hitting 'E'
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205 then use the arrows to move the cursor to byte number 27
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206 (row 20, column 7). Type in the new value for the baud rate
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207 then hit <ENTER> to exit Edit mode. Hit 'W' to write the
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208 sector, then 'V' to verify the modules. If a module is
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209 linked, the 'Find' command only searches for strings in
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210 that module.</entry>
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211
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212 </row><row>
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213 <entry>N Command</entry>
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214 <entry>Find Next occurrence of String</entry>
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215
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216 </row><row>
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217 <entry spanname="all">This is used in conjunction with the 'Find' command. Once a
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218 Hex byte or ASCII character string has been located with
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219 'F', the next occurrence may be located by pressing 'N'.
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220 This search starts where the 'Find' search left off, IF the
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221 LSN hasn't changed since the string was initially located.
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222 If the LSN has changed, the search starts at the beginning
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223 of the current LSN. If the search is successful, the string
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224 will be highlighted, as with 'Find', otherwise you are
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225 returned to the command prompt, with a beep.</entry>
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226
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227 </row><row>
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228 <entry>O Command</entry>
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229 <entry>OPEN an Output File</entry>
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230
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231 </row><row>
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232 <entry spanname="all"><para>You will be prompted with 'OUTFILE: '. Type in a file name
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233 or path (that does not already exist) and press <ENTER>. A
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234 new file will be created and opened, with the name
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235 displayed on the second row of the screen. Individual
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236 sectors can be written to this file using the Append
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237 command.
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238 </para><para>
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239 To abort the O Command, just press <ENTER> or <BREAK>.</para></entry>
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240
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241
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242 </row><row>
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243 <entry>P Command</entry>
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244 <entry>Push an LSN onto the Sector Stack</entry>
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245
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246 </row><row>
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247 <entry spanname="all">This pushes the current LSN onto a funtional Stack of
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248 sectors. The 'R' command then can remove (pull) them from
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249 the Stack in the reverse order (Last In, First Out) that
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250 they were pushed. Up to 16 LSN's can be saved on the Stack.
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251 This is very useful when trying to reconstruct a deleted
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252 file that was fragmented on the disk. By pushing each
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253 sector examined onto the Stack, you can retrace your steps
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254 backwards without having to remember the sector number of
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255 each sector along the way.</entry>
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256
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257 </row><row>
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258 <entry>Q Command</entry>
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259 <entry>QUIT dEd</entry>
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260
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261 </row><row>
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262 <entry spanname="all">This exits dEd immediately. You should be sure to Write any
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263 Editted or Zapped sectors back to the disk before Quitting.</entry>
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264
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265 </row><row>
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266 <entry>R Command</entry>
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267 <entry>Remove an LSN from Sector Stack and Display</entry>
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268
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269 </row><row>
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270 <entry spanname="all">This removes (pulls), from the Sector Stack, the last LSN
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271 that was pushed (with the 'P' command) and displays it.</entry>
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272
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273 </row><row>
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274 <entry>S Command</entry>
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275 <entry>SKIP to a given LSN</entry>
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276
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277 </row><row>
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278 <entry spanname="all">You will be prompted with 'LSN=$ '. Type a sector number (in
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279 Hex) and press <ENTER>. That LSN will then be displayed, if
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280 possible. If the LSN entered is greater than the last LSN in
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281 the file, nothing will happen.</entry>
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282
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283 </row><row>
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284 <entry>U Command</entry>
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285 <entry>Unlink a Module</entry>
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286
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287 </row><row>
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288 <entry spanname="all">This 'unlinks' a module that has previously been 'linked'
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289 using the 'L' command. The first sector in the file (LSN 0)
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290 is displayed. Using this command when no module has been
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291 linked has no effect.</entry>
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292
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293 </row><row>
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294 <entry>V Command</entry>
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295 <entry>VERIFY All Modules</entry>
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296
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297 </row><row>
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298 <entry spanname="all">This command calculates and writes a new CRC value for EACH
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299 module in a fale. It must be used after Editting executable
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300 modules or they will not be loadable. Verify is terminated
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301 if an error is located in the header of a module, but each
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302 module is verified individually and the CRC is rewritten to
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303 each before moving to the next module in a file, so modules
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304 in front of one with an error will be verified.</entry>
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305
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306 </row><row>
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307 <entry>W Command</entry>
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308 <entry>WRITE the Sector displayed to the Disk</entry>
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309
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310 </row><row>
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311 <entry spanname="all">WARNING!!! This command can be very dangerous to the well-
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312 being of your disk data. It writes the sector displayed
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313 back to the disk (at the same location from whence it came,
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314 but not necessarily with the same information, hence the
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315 danger). After Zapping or Editting a sector, you must use
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316 this command to make the changes on the disk (unless you're
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317 in the Expert mode). Because you can effectively maim your
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318 data with this command, you will be prompted with 'Are you
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319 sure (Y/N)? '. If you hit any key other than 'Y' (or 'y')
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320 the Write command will be aborted. Otherwise the sector will
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321 be written, with the display advising you that dEd is
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322 'Writing Sector...'. On a hard disk or RAM disk, this is
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323 very quick.</entry>
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324
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325 </row><row>
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326 <entry>X Command</entry>
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327 <entry>EXPERT Mode</entry>
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328
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329 </row><row>
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330 <entry spanname="all">This command is potentially the most dangerous of all. It
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331 should be used only by those who are very brave (fools?) or
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332 those who never make mistakes. In this mode, any sectors
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333 changed by Edit or Zap will be automatically written to the
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334 disk. The Write command is not needed, and is inactivated in
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335 the Expert mode. Any errors made during Edit or Zap WILL be
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336 transferred to the disk, making this mode very good for
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337 crashing directories, etc. Having noted this, there is one
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338 route of escape from errors made in this mode. After
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339 Editting or Zapping a sector, the sector is not actually
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340 written back to the disk until after Edit or Zap is exitted
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341 and the next command is issued (i.e. the next Command Key is
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342 pressed). If you hit Shift-BREAK , before hitting any other
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343 Command Key, the automatic Write will not occur. You must
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344 type Shift-BREAK before any other command or the sector will
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345 be written to the disk. This is a one-time escape, so any
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346 further errors made will require hitting the Shift-BREAK key
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347 again at the appropriate time to avoid writing the bad
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348 sector to the disk. Unless you fully understand the OS-9
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349 disk structure (or enjoy toying with the life of your data),
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350 this mode should probably be avoided. It is entered after
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351 responding with a 'Y' or 'y' to the 'Are you sure (Y/N)?'
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352 prompt, and the display advises you that you are in this
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353 mode. The 'X' command is a toggle switch, so to exit Expert
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354 mode, just hit 'X' again and the 'Expert Mode' message will
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355 be erased.</entry>
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356
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357 </row><row>
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358 <entry>Z Command</entry>
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359 <entry>ZAP the displayed Sector</entry>
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360
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361 </row><row>
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362 <entry spanname="all">You will be prompted with 'Zap Byte: ' or 'Zap Char: '.
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363 Enter either a Hex byte (e.g. 6c) or an ASCII character
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364 (e.g. $) and press <ENTER>. That byte or character will be
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365 written to the ENTIRE SECTOR. You can toggle between the
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366 BYTE/CHAR modes by hitting the <BREAK> key. In the CHAR
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367 mode, hitting ALT-Char then <ENTER> will Zap the sector with
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368 that char with bit 7 set. Unless you're in the Expert mode,
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369 only the buffer will be Zapped with the Zap command. To put
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370 this Zapped sector on the disk, you must use the Write
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371 command. If you decide not to Zap the sector, just hit
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372 <ENTER> without first entering a byte or character. You can
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373 redisplay a sector that has been Zapped, but not Written
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374 back to the disk, by going to the next LSN using the Up
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375 Arrow, then returning to the original LSN with the Down
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376 Arrow (again, provided you're not in the Expert mode). </entry>
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377
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378 </row><row>
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379 <entry>$ Command</entry>
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380 <entry>Fork a SHELL</entry>
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381
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382 </row><row>
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383 <entry spanname="all">A new Shell is forked to allow access to OS-9 without
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384 terminating dEd. To return to dEd, press Ctrl-BREAK (ESC).</entry>
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385
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386 </row><row>
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387 <entry><CR> Command</entry>
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388 <entry>Clean up screen display</entry>
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389
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390 </row><row>
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391 <entry spanname="all">Pressing <ENTER> at the CMD: prompt will clear and re-write
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392 the screen which may have been trashed by an error. Current
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393 editing to the displayed sector is not lost or written. This
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394 command only resets the screen display.</entry>
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395 </row>
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396 </tbody>
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397 </tgroup>
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398 </table>
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399
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400 </article>
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