Mercurial > hg > Papers > 2015 > kaito-lola
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| author | Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp> |
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| date | Sun, 05 Jul 2015 10:33:02 +0900 |
| parents | 5fa7d8240579 |
| children | 8144b7f25874 |
| rev | line source |
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1 <!DOCTYPE html> |
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2 <html> |
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3 <head> |
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4 <meta charset='utf-8'> |
| 24 | 5 <title>Implementing Continuation based language in Clang and LLVM</title> |
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6 <!-- style sheet links --> |
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7 <link rel="stylesheet/less" href="themes/blank/projection.css.less" media="screen,projection"> |
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8 <link rel="stylesheet/less" href="themes/blank/screen.css.less" media="screen"> |
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9 <link rel="stylesheet/less" href="themes/blank/print.css.less" media="print"> |
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10 |
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11 <link rel="stylesheet/less" href="blank.css.less" media="screen,projection"> |
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12 |
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13 <!-- add js libs (less, jquery) --> |
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14 <script src="js/less-1.1.4.min.js"></script> |
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15 <script src="js/jquery-1.7.min.js"></script> |
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16 |
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17 <!-- S6 JS --> |
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18 <script src="js/jquery.slideshow.js"></script> |
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19 <script src="js/jquery.slideshow.counter.js"></script> |
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20 <script src="js/jquery.slideshow.controls.js"></script> |
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21 <script src="js/jquery.slideshow.footer.js"></script> |
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22 <script src="js/jquery.slideshow.autoplay.js"></script> |
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23 <script> |
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24 $(document).ready( function() { |
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25 Slideshow.init(); |
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26 |
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27 // Example 2: Start Off in Outline Mode |
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28 // Slideshow.init( { mode: 'outline' } ); |
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29 |
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30 // Example 3: Use Custom Transition |
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31 // Slideshow.transition = transitionScrollUp; |
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32 // Slideshow.init(); |
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33 |
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34 // Example 4: Start Off in Autoplay Mode with Custom Transition |
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35 // Slideshow.transition = transitionScrollUp; |
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36 // Slideshow.init( { mode: 'autoplay' } ); |
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37 } ); |
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38 </script> |
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39 </head> |
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40 <body> |
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41 |
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42 <div class="layout"> |
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43 <div id="header"></div> |
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44 <div id="footer"> |
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45 <div align="right"> |
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46 <img src="images/concurrency.png" width="200"> |
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47 </div> |
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48 </div> |
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49 </div> |
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50 |
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51 <div class="presentation"> |
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52 |
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53 <div class='slide cover'> |
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54 <table width="90%" height="90%" border="0" align="center"> |
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55 <tr> |
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56 <td><div align="center"> |
| 17 | 57 <h1><font color="#808db5">Implementing Continuation based language in Clang and LLVM</font></h1> |
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58 </div></td> |
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59 </tr> |
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60 <tr> |
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61 <td><div align="left"> |
| 13 | 62 Kaito Tokumori, Shinji Kono <br> |
| 15 | 63 University of the Ryukyus |
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64 <script> |
| 13 | 65 document.write("<br>July 5, 2015"); |
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66 </script> |
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67 <hr style="color:#ffcc00;background-color:#ffcc00;text-align:left;border:none;width:300%;height:0.2em;"> |
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68 </div></td> |
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69 </tr> |
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70 </table> |
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71 </div> |
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72 |
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73 <div class='slide'> |
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74 <h2>Objective</h2> |
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75 <ul> |
| 14 | 76 <li>Achieve Reliable computation |
| 13 | 77 <li>Extract Concurrent Execution Automatically |
| 78 <li>Modify and Improve software in a Reliable way | |
| 79 <li>Get more Reusablity | |
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80 </ul> |
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81 <h3>Introducing new units of programming</h3> |
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82 </div> |
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83 |
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84 |
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85 <div class='slide'> |
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86 <h2>Traditional units of programming</h2> |
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87 <ul> |
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88 <li>Machine instruction |
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89 <li>Statements of programming language |
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90 <li>Function call / Method |
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91 <li>Module / Class / Interface |
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92 <li>Thread / Process |
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93 <li>Object |
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94 <li>Record / Table |
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95 </ul> |
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96 </div> |
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97 |
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98 <div class='slide'> |
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99 <h2>What we want to do with programming units?</h2> |
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100 <ul> |
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101 <li>Divide large functions into small parts. |
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102 <li>Add hidden arguments without code modification. |
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103 <li>Add meta computation. |
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104 <li>Extract concurrency from programming units. |
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105 </ul> |
| 13 | 106 <h3>It is not easy to do this in the traditional units.</h3> |
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107 </div> |
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108 |
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109 <div class='slide'> |
| 14 | 110 <h2>New programming units</h2> |
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111 <ul> |
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112 <li>Units of programming: code segments, data segments. |
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113 <li>Code segments are units of calculation. |
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114 <li>Data segments are sets of typed data. |
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115 </ul> |
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116 </div> |
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117 |
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118 <div class='slide'> |
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119 <h2>Code segments</h2> |
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120 <ul> |
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121 <li>Function from input data segments to output data segments. |
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122 <li>Code segments have no states. |
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123 <li>Access in typed data in the data segments by name. |
| 14 | 124 <li>Specify code segments to be executed using goto. |
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125 </ul> |
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126 <h3>It is easy to divide or combine.</h3> |
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127 </div> |
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128 |
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129 <div class='slide'> |
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130 <h2>Data segments</h2> |
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131 <ul> |
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132 <li>Set of typed data. |
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133 <li>Type signatures are in meta data segments. |
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134 <li>Variable and extendable data structure. |
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135 <li>Data segments are dominated by connected code segments. |
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136 <li>Code segments atomically access connected data segments. |
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137 </ul> |
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138 <h3>It is easy to divide or combine.</h3> |
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139 </div> |
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140 |
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141 <div class='slide'> |
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142 <h2>Meta code / data segments</h2> |
| 15 | 143 <p>A thread of code segments has a context as a meta data segment</p> |
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144 <ul> |
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145 <li>Execution contexts: Thread |
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146 <li>Type signatures of data segments. |
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147 <li>Data segment linkages: Pointer |
| 13 | 148 <li>Machine code of code segments |
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149 </ul> |
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150 </div> |
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151 |
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152 <div class='slide'> |
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153 <h2>Continuation based C (CbC)</h2> |
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154 <ul> |
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155 <li>An implementation of code segments. |
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156 <li>CbC stands for Continuation based C. |
| 13 | 157 <li>Basic syntax is the same as the C, except __code and goto. |
| 158 <li>__code is a type of code segment | |
| 159 <li>Code segments end with parameterized goto. | |
| 14 | 160 <li>Data segments are implemented as C structures. |
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161 </ul> |
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162 </div> |
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163 |
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164 <div class='slide'> |
| 13 | 165 <h2>code segment syntax</h2> |
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166 <table border='1' align='center' width='80%'> |
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167 <tr><td width='50%'> |
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168 <pre class='small_code'> |
| 9 | 169 __code f() { |
| 170 goto g(); | |
| 171 } | |
| 172 | |
| 173 __code g() { | |
| 174 goto h(); | |
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175 } |
| 9 | 176 </pre> |
| 177 </td><td valign='top'> | |
| 178 <ul> | |
| 13 | 179 <li>code segment transition is goto. |
| 180 <li>Code segments have no return statement. | |
| 9 | 181 <li>There are no return values. |
| 182 </ul> | |
| 183 </td></tr> | |
| 184 </table> | |
| 185 </div> | |
| 186 | |
| 187 <div class='slide'> | |
| 13 | 188 <h2>code segment syntax with data segments</h2> |
| 22 | 189 <p>data segments are arguments of a code segment and a goto statement.</p> |
| 9 | 190 <table border='1' align='center' width='80%'> |
| 191 <tr><td width='50%'> | |
| 192 <pre class='small_code'> | |
| 23 | 193 __code code1(<font color='red'>struct Allocate* allocate, |
| 194 struct Element* element</font>) { | |
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195 element ->value = 10; |
| 13 | 196 struct List* list = (struct List *)malloc(sizeof( struct List)); |
| 23 | 197 goto append(<font color='red'>allocate,list, element</font>); |
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198 } |
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199 |
| 13 | 200 __code append(struct Allocate* allocate, struct List* list, struct Element* element) { |
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201 if(list->head) { |
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202 list->tail->next = element; |
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203 } else { |
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204 list->head = element; |
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205 } |
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206 list->tail = element; |
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207 list->tail->next = 0; |
| 13 | 208 goto code2(allocate,list, element); |
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209 } |
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210 </pre> |
| 23 | 211 </tr> |
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212 </table> |
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213 </div> |
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214 |
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215 <div class='slide'> |
| 22 | 216 <h2>CbC meta computation</h2> |
| 217 <p> add meta part to both code and data, keep object level computation</p> | |
| 218 <div align="center"><img src="fig/meta.svg" width="45%"></div> | |
| 219 </div> | |
| 220 | |
| 221 <div class='slide'> | |
| 222 <h2>meta computation example</h2> | |
| 223 <ul> | |
| 224 <li> pointer operation | |
| 225 <li> code/data segment interconnection | |
| 226 <li> memory management (malloc) | |
| 227 <li> thread management | |
| 228 <li> synchronization | |
| 229 <li> data segment signature | |
| 230 </ul> | |
| 231 </div> | |
| 232 | |
| 233 <div class='slide'> | |
| 234 <h2>list with meta data segment</h2> | |
| 235 <p> In cons cell, pointer part is visible to object level.</p> | |
| 236 <p> Hide pointer part in meta data segment.</p> | |
| 237 <p> Handle pointer operation in meta code segment.</p> | |
| 238 <div align="center"><img src="fig/list.svg" width="45%"></div> | |
| 239 </div> | |
| 240 | |
| 241 | |
| 242 <div class='slide'> | |
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243 <h2>CbC compilers</h2> |
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244 <ul> |
| 13 | 245 <li>Micro-C(one pass standalone compiler) 2001 |
| 246 <li>on GCC(GNU Compiler Collection) 2008 | |
| 247 <li>on LLVM and Clang (Compiler framework) 2014 | |
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248 <ul> |
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249 <li><font color='red'>The latest!</font> |
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250 </ul> |
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251 </ul> |
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252 </div> |
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253 |
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254 <div class='slide'> |
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255 <h2>LLVM and Clang's compilation flow</h2> |
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256 <ul> |
| 13 | 257 <li>AST : Abstract Syntax Tree (C++ object) |
| 258 <li>LLVM IR is Intermediate Representation (bit code). | |
| 14 | 259 <li>SelectionDAG : Code generator internal |
| 13 | 260 <li>Machine Code : LLVM Machine code |
| 19 | 261 <li>Clang translate C/C++/Obj-C into LLVM IR. |
| 262 <li>LLVM translate LLVM IR into Assembly code. | |
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263 </ul> |
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264 <div align="center"><img src="fig/clang_llvm_structure.svg" width="45%"></div> |
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265 </div> |
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266 |
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267 <div class='slide'> |
| 13 | 268 <h2>Advantage of LLVM implementation</h2> |
| 9 | 269 <ul> |
| 13 | 270 <li>Apple supported (working on OS X). |
| 271 <li>OS X default compiler. | |
| 272 <li>LLVM IR is well documented. | |
| 273 <li>better than GCC | |
| 9 | 274 </ul> |
| 275 </div> | |
| 276 | |
| 277 <div class='slide'> | |
| 13 | 278 <h2>CbC implementation strategy</h2> |
| 9 | 279 <ul> |
| 14 | 280 <li>define special type __code for code segments |
| 281 <li>no code segment prototyping (otherwise it becomes quite messy ) | |
| 13 | 282 <li>code segments are implemented as tail call force functions |
| 14 | 283 <li>Do not modify IR (Intermediate representations ) |
| 284 <li>goto statement is actually a function call with following return statement <br> | |
| 13 | 285 goto f() --> { f() ; return; } |
| 286 <li>allow mixing code segments and normal function calls ( goto with environment ) | |
| 9 | 287 </ul> |
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288 </div> |
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289 |
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290 <div class='slide'> |
| 9 | 291 <h2>LLVM IR</h2> |
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292 <ul> |
| 13 | 293 <li>Intermediate Representation (bit code). |
| 294 <li>Three forms: in-memory IR, bitcode stream, human readable language. | |
| 295 <li>it has precise type, data size, alignment | |
| 21 | 296 <li>function call flags : tail, fastcc, cc10(GHC), cc11(HiPE), ccc |
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297 </ul> |
| 9 | 298 <table width='100%'> |
| 299 <tr> | |
| 300 <td style="border: double;"> | |
| 301 <pre class='code'> | |
| 302 define fastcc void @factorial(i32 %x) #0 { | |
| 303 entry: | |
| 304 tail call fastcc void @factorial0(i32 1, i32 %x) | |
| 305 ret void | |
| 306 } | |
| 307 </pre> | |
| 308 </td> | |
| 309 </tr> | |
| 310 </table> | |
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311 </div> |
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312 |
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313 <div class='slide'> |
| 13 | 314 <h2>CbC implementation strategy</h2> |
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315 <ul> |
| 13 | 316 <li>Code segments are implemented by C functions with return-type __code. |
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317 <li>Data segments are implemented by C structs. |
| 14 | 318 <li>Goto statement is implemented by setting tail call flag. |
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319 <li>Goto with environment is implemented by setjmp and longjmp. |
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320 </ul> |
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321 </div> |
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322 |
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323 |
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324 <div class='slide'> |
| 9 | 325 <h2>Prototype declaration generating</h2> |
| 326 <ul> | |
| 327 <li>In CbC, programmer write a lot of code segments. | |
| 12 | 328 <li>Automatically prototype declarator support it. |
| 329 <!-- <li>When parser meet a code segment call, it stop current parsing and search called code segment declaration.--> | |
| 14 | 330 <li>If the declaration was not found, search definition and generate declaration. |
| 9 | 331 <ul> |
| 332 <li>Of course you can write declaration yourself too. | |
| 333 </ul> | |
| 334 </ul> | |
| 335 <table border='1' width='80%' align='center'> | |
| 336 <tr> | |
| 337 <td>original input code | |
| 14 | 338 <td>Clang generates it internally |
| 9 | 339 </tr> |
| 340 <tr> | |
| 341 <td><pre class='small_code'> | |
| 342 __code code1(int a, int b) { | |
| 343 : | |
| 344 goto code2(a,b); | |
| 345 } | |
| 346 | |
| 347 __code code2(int a, int b){ | |
| 348 : | |
| 349 } | |
| 350 </pre> | |
| 351 <td><pre class='small_code'> | |
| 352 <font color='red'>__code code2(int a, int b);</font> | |
| 353 __code code1(int a, int b) { | |
| 354 : | |
| 355 goto code2(a,b); | |
| 356 } | |
| 357 | |
| 358 __code code2(int a, int b){ | |
| 359 : | |
| 360 } | |
| 361 </pre> | |
| 362 </tr> | |
| 363 </table> | |
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364 </div> |
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365 |
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366 <div class='slide'> |
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367 <h2>goto syntax for transition</h2> |
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368 <ul> |
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369 <li>Add return statement after goto transition. |
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370 <li>It is one the requirement force to tail call elimination. |
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371 </ul> |
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372 <table border='1' width='80%' align='center'> |
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373 <tr> |
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374 <td>original input code |
| 14 | 375 <td>Clang generates it |
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376 </tr> |
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377 <tr> |
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378 <td><pre class='small_code'> |
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379 __code code1() { |
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380 : |
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381 goto code2(); |
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382 } |
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383 </pre> |
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384 <td><pre class='small_code'> |
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385 void code1() { |
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386 : |
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387 code2(); |
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388 <font color='red'>return;</font> |
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389 } |
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390 </pre> |
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391 </tr> |
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392 </table> |
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393 </div> |
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394 |
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395 <div class='slide'> |
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396 <h2>Forcing Tail Call Elimination</h2> |
| 20 | 397 <p>Tail call elimination pass is added in CodeGen.</p> |
| 13 | 398 <p>Ensure TCE in SelectionDAGISel.</p> |
| 11 | 399 <div align='center'><img src="fig/clang_llvm_slide_cg_DAG.svg" width="60%"></div> |
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400 </div> |
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401 |
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402 <div class='slide'> |
| 11 | 403 <h2>What is tail call elimination?</h2> |
| 9 | 404 <ul> |
| 13 | 405 <li>Tail call is a function call immediately followed by return. |
| 406 <li>If stack frame have to be unchanged, | |
| 9 | 407 <li>Tail call elimination replace tail call's call instructions with jmp instructions. |
| 13 | 408 <li>that is tail call function should have the same arguments and the same return type |
| 9 | 409 </ul> |
| 410 <div align='center'><img src="fig/TCE.svg" width="40%"></div> | |
| 411 </div> | |
| 412 | |
| 413 | |
| 414 <div class='slide'> | |
| 5 | 415 <h2>Forcing Tail Call Elimination</h2> |
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416 <ul> |
| 9 | 417 <li>Always add tail call elimination pass. |
| 418 <li>Tailcallopt is enabled in CbC. | |
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419 <li>Fast cc is used consistently in code segments call. |
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420 <li>All the code segments return value type is void. |
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421 </ul> |
| 21 | 422 <p>These are the reason why we need __code type for code segments.</p> |
| 13 | 423 </div> |
| 424 | |
| 425 <div class='slide'> | |
| 426 <h2>goto a code segment from a normal C function</h2> | |
| 427 <ul> | |
| 14 | 428 <li>Assume we have code segment g and normal function f |
| 22 | 429 <li>simply goto g in C function f |
| 430 <li>code segment g never returns to function f | |
| 13 | 431 </ul> |
| 15 | 432 <p>How to return to C from a code segment?</p> |
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433 </div> |
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434 |
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435 <div class='slide'> |
| 12 | 436 <h2>Goto with environment</h2> |
| 22 | 437 <ul> |
| 438 <li>We want provide continuation of function f. | |
| 439 <li>The continuation is not a simple code segment because code segment has no state. | |
| 440 <li>We represent the continuation with a code segment (__return) and a meta data segment (__environment). | |
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441 </ul> |
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442 </div> |
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443 |
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444 <div class='slide'> |
| 13 | 445 <h2>Syntax of Goto with environment</h2> |
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446 <table width='100%'> |
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447 <tr><td valign='top'> |
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448 <ul> |
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449 <li>Use new keywords __return and __environment. |
| 22 | 450 <li>__return is a code segment pointer for C functions caller. |
| 451 <li>__environment is a environment for C functions caller. | |
| 23 | 452 <li>G use a continuation with environments to return main function (f's caller). |
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453 </ul> |
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454 <td style="border: double;"> |
| 22 | 455 <pre class='small_code'><div class='highlight'>__code g(int n,__code(*exit_code)(int,void *),void *exit_env){ |
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456 printf("code1 : code entry1\n"); |
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457 goto exit_code(n,exit_env); |
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458 } |
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459 |
| 22 | 460 int f(){ |
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461 printf("caller : main1 entry\n"); |
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462 __code (*__ret)(int, void *) = <font color='red'>__return</font>; |
| 24 | 463 void *__env = <font color='red'>__environment</font>; |
| 22 | 464 goto g(1, __ret, __env); |
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465 return 0; |
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466 } |
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467 |
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468 int main(){ |
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469 int n; |
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470 n = caller(); |
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471 printf("return = %d\n",n); |
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472 return 0; |
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473 } </div></pre> |
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474 </tr> |
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475 </table> |
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476 </div> |
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477 |
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478 <div class='slide'> |
| 13 | 479 <h2>Implementation of goto with environment</h2> |
| 15 | 480 <p>Several ways to implementation</p> |
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481 <ul> |
| 14 | 482 <li>setjmp/longjmp (LLVM) |
| 13 | 483 <li>nested function closure with thread safe variable (GCC) |
| 484 <li>direct manipulation of frame pointer and return value (Micro-C) | |
| 485 </ul> | |
| 486 </div> | |
| 487 | |
| 488 <div class='slide'> | |
| 489 <h2>LLVM Implementation of goto with environment</h2> | |
| 490 <ul> | |
| 491 <li>Include setjmp.h internally. | |
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492 <li>Generate C struct for saving environment. |
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493 <ul> |
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494 <li>This struct is __environment. |
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495 </ul> |
| 16 | 496 <li>Insert setjmp in C function, when __return is used. |
| 497 <li>Generate longjmp code segment as __return. | |
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498 </ul> |
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499 </div> |
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500 |
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501 |
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502 <div class='slide'> |
| 5 | 503 <h2>Compiling result</h2> |
| 504 <table width='100%' align='center' border='1'> | |
| 505 <tr> | |
| 506 <td valign='top'> | |
| 507 <pre class='small_code'> | |
| 508 | |
| 509 __code caller(int x) | |
| 510 { | |
| 511 goto code1(1, x); // should be jmp | |
| 512 } | |
| 513 </pre> | |
| 514 <td> | |
| 515 <pre class='small_code'> | |
| 516 _caller: ## @factorial | |
| 517 .cfi_startproc | |
| 518 ## BB#0: ## %entry | |
| 519 subq $24, %rsp | |
| 520 Ltmp5: | |
| 521 .cfi_def_cfa_offset 32 | |
| 522 movl $1, %eax | |
| 523 movl %edi, 20(%rsp) ## 4-byte Spill | |
| 524 movl %eax, %edi | |
| 525 movl 20(%rsp), %esi ## 4-byte Reload | |
| 526 addq $24, %rsp | |
| 527 <font color='red'>jmp</font> _code1 ## TAILCALL | |
| 528 .cfi_endproc | |
| 529 </pre> | |
| 530 </tr> | |
| 531 </table> | |
| 532 <ul> | |
| 533 <li>Code1 should called by jmp instruction. | |
| 534 <li>In assembly code, code1 called by jmp instruction. | |
| 535 <li>Tail call elimination was forced. | |
| 536 <li>If tail call elimination was failed, compiler output error messages. | |
| 537 </ul> | |
| 538 </div> | |
| 16 | 539 |
| 540 <div class='slide'> | |
| 541 <h2>Usage of CbC : as an instruction description</h2> | |
| 542 <p>CbC can be used as a hardware description language (RTL level)</p> | |
| 543 <ul> | |
| 544 <li>VU (Vector unit) in PS2 | |
| 23 | 545 <li>SPU (Synergistic Processing Unit) in PS3 |
| 16 | 546 </ul> |
| 547 </div> | |
| 548 | |
| 549 <div class='slide'> | |
| 550 <h2>Usage of CbC : Parallel Task representation</h2> | |
| 551 <p>CbC can be used as a parallel programming language</p> | |
| 552 <ul> | |
| 553 <li>run on GPU or Many Core | |
| 554 <li>a code segment is a kernel in Open CL | |
| 555 <li>a code segment execution is atomic | |
| 556 <li>during an execution of code, data segments are owned by the code | |
| 557 <li>task structure is a meta data segment | |
| 558 <li>task manager is a meta code segment | |
| 559 </ul> | |
| 560 </div> | |
| 561 | |
| 562 <div class='slide'> | |
| 563 <h2>Usage of CbC : OS API description</h2> | |
| 564 <ul> | |
| 565 <li>detailed description of open/read/write/select | |
| 566 <li>we can implement kernel in CbC | |
| 567 </ul> | |
| 568 </div> | |
| 569 | |
| 570 <div class='slide'> | |
| 571 <h2>Usage of CbC : meta computation</h2> | |
| 572 <ul> | |
| 573 <li>call meta code segment during goto | |
| 574 <li>thread context is a meta data segment | |
| 575 <li>it can be seen as a monadic meta computation | |
| 576 </ul> | |
| 577 </div> | |
| 578 | |
| 579 <div class='slide'> | |
| 580 <h2>Usage of CbC : Model checking</h2> | |
| 581 <ul> | |
| 582 <li>try all possible non deterministic computation | |
| 583 <li>keep track data segment state | |
| 584 <li>Do the model checking without modifying the code | |
| 585 <li>cf. Java Pathfinder (Model checking by replacing JVM) | |
| 586 </ul> | |
| 587 </div> | |
| 588 | |
| 589 <div class='slide'> | |
| 590 <h2>Conclusion</h2> | |
| 591 <ul> | |
| 592 <li>CbC compiler on LLVM and Clang is implemented. | |
| 593 <li>LLVM IR is not modified. | |
| 594 <li>goto with environment is implemented by setjmp and longjmp. | |
| 595 <li>Automatic prototype generating. | |
| 596 <li>Various application of CbC. | |
| 597 </ul> | |
| 598 </div> | |
| 599 | |
| 600 <div class='slide'> | |
| 601 <h2>Future works</h2> | |
| 602 <ul> | |
| 603 <li>Write operating system in CbC. | |
| 604 <ul> | |
| 605 <li>Gears OS | |
| 606 </ul> | |
| 607 <li>Meta computation syntax. | |
| 608 <li>More user friendly syntax. | |
| 609 <li>Automatic data segment generator. | |
| 610 <li>Signature for data segment. | |
| 611 <li>Dependent type and implicit parameter | |
| 612 </ul> | |
| 613 </div> | |
| 614 | |
| 615 <div class='slide'> | |
| 616 <h2>LLVM and Clang's intermediate representations</h2> | |
| 617 <table border='1' align='center' width='80%'> | |
| 618 <tr><td width='25%'> | |
| 619 Name | |
| 620 </td><td> | |
| 621 Description | |
| 622 </td></tr> | |
| 623 <tr><td> | |
| 624 clang AST | |
| 625 </td><td> | |
| 626 Abstract Syntax Tree. It is a representation of the structure source codes. | |
| 627 </td></tr> | |
| 628 <tr><td> | |
| 629 LLVM IR | |
| 630 </td><td> | |
| 631 The main intermediate representation of LLVM. It has three different forms: as an in-memory compiler IR, as an on-disk bitcode representation, and as a human readable assembly language representation. | |
| 632 </td></tr> | |
| 633 <tr><td> | |
| 634 SelectionDAG | |
| 635 </td><td> | |
| 636 Directed Acyclic Graph. Its nodes indicate what operation the node performs and the operands to the operation. | |
| 637 </td></tr> | |
| 638 <tr><td> | |
| 639 Machine Code | |
| 640 </td><td> | |
| 641 This representation is designed to support both an SSA representation for machine code, as well as register allocated, non-SSA form. | |
| 642 </td></tr> | |
| 643 <tr><td> | |
| 644 MC Layer | |
| 645 </td><td> | |
| 646 It is used to represent and process code at the raw machine code level. User can some kinds of file (.s, .o, .ll, a.out) by same API. | |
| 647 </td></tr> | |
| 648 </table> | |
| 649 </div> | |
| 24 | 650 |
| 651 <div class='slide'> | |
| 652 <h2>Calling Convention</h2> | |
| 653 <table border='1' align='center' width='80%'> | |
| 654 <tr><td width='25%'> | |
| 655 Name | |
| 656 </td><td> | |
| 657 Description | |
| 658 </td></tr> | |
| 659 <tr><td> | |
| 660 ccc | |
| 661 </td><td> | |
| 662 C calling conbentions.<br> | |
| 663 This calling convention supports varargs function calls and tolerates some mismatch in the declared prototype and implemented declaration of the function. | |
| 664 </td></tr> | |
| 665 <tr><td> | |
| 666 cc10 | |
| 667 </td><td> | |
| 668 This calling convention has been implemented specifically for use by the Glasgow Haskell Compiler (GHC). | |
| 669 </td></tr> | |
| 670 <tr><td> | |
| 671 cc11 | |
| 672 </td><td> | |
| 673 This calling convention has been implemented specifically for use by the High-Performance Erlang (HiPE) compiler. | |
| 674 </td></tr> | |
| 675 <tr><td> | |
| 676 fastcc | |
| 677 </td><td> | |
| 678 This calling convention attempts to make calls as fast as possible. | |
| 679 </td></tr> | |
| 680 </table> | |
| 681 </div> | |
| 682 | |
| 5 | 683 <div class='slide'> |
| 6 | 684 <h2>Execution Result</h2> |
| 685 <ul> | |
| 686 <li>Conv1 program. | |
| 687 <ul> | |
| 688 <li>Repeat calculation program. | |
| 689 <li>Stack is defined in the program. | |
| 690 </ul> | |
| 691 <li>Select execution code by arguments. | |
| 692 <ul> | |
| 693 <li>1: not optimized. | |
| 694 <li>2,3: optimized stack operation. | |
| 695 </ul> | |
| 696 <li>Inline optimization is omitted. | |
| 697 </ul> | |
| 698 <table width='80%' align='center' border='1'> | |
| 699 <tr> | |
| 700 <td width='30%'> | |
| 701 <td>Argument 1 | |
| 702 <td>Argument 2 | |
| 703 <td>Argument 3 | |
| 704 </tr> | |
| 705 <tr> | |
| 706 <td>Micro-C | |
| 707 <td>6.875 | |
| 708 <td>2.4562 | |
| 709 <td>3.105 | |
| 710 </tr> | |
| 711 <tr> | |
| 712 <td>GCC -O2 | |
| 713 <td>2.9438 | |
| 714 <td>0.955 | |
| 715 <td>1.265 | |
| 716 </tr> | |
| 717 <tr> | |
| 718 <td>LLVM and Clang -O0 | |
| 719 <td>5.835 | |
| 720 <td>4.1887 | |
| 721 <td>5.0625 | |
| 722 </tr> | |
| 723 <tr> | |
| 724 <td>LLVM and Clang -O2 | |
| 725 <td>3.3875 | |
| 726 <td>2.29 | |
| 727 <td>2.5087 | |
| 728 </tr> | |
| 729 </table> | |
| 730 <table width='80%' align='center' border='0'> | |
| 731 <tr><td align='right'>unit : seconds</tr> | |
| 732 </table> | |
| 733 <ul> | |
| 734 <li>LLVM and Clang compilers are faster than Micro-C when optimize is enabled. | |
| 735 <li>CbC gets benefits from LLVM optimizations. | |
| 736 <li>LLVM can compile CbC examples. | |
| 737 </ul> | |
| 738 </div> | |
| 24 | 739 |
| 740 </div> <!-- presentation --> | |
| 741 </body> | |
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Kaito Tokumori <e105711@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
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